tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16192085951101897252024-03-17T00:41:38.834-07:00Grayheron PhotographyGrayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.comBlogger475125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-37245710123241943372023-11-05T05:57:00.010-08:002023-11-27T23:56:34.366-08:00In-Camera Focus Bracketing Demystified: Part 2, Macro bracketing<span style="font-family: arial;"><!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--></span></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the last
post I introduced a hyperfocal-based model to 'calibrate' in-camera
focus bracketing, to be able to set the manufacturers’ step size, from 1 to 10, according to the overlap blur we wish to use.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Using the model we can also <u>estimate</u> the number of brackets that will
be captured for a given deep focus, ie near to
infinity.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this post we
will extend the model to cover the macro use case, eg using a magnification
of 1; where, unlike in non-macro photography, we need to account for a few
other things, such as the (object) magnification and the pupil magnification.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The advantage of having a model to <u>estimate</u> the number of brackets to take is that the alternative is to guess a number and hope you have set enough to cover the required focus range, or simply set the number to a very large number, and then, in post processing, throw away all the images you don’t need.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As in the last post
we will start with the simplified hyperfocal bracketing model, but adjust it to
bracket between a near point in focus (x) and a far point (y), which is less than the
hyperfocal:</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgutzDa0kuLDtcsymuCrJI3nkKYSeGFbizTjLLMjZpMfnkvjpCAmjmTnmTZEhuVlhpvSf4sMSXNsQLWbqgn3eJDeOWVblsNERUbQ33PlAWAgxLvlel0lEMn3rDpiX23S6D964hKHTXcQCsfibn7IE0VhixJ4hnKgp99CR1HcmpaDPpymx8eueVlIwYfxfG1/s3211/Picture2-1.png" style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1505" data-original-width="3211" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgutzDa0kuLDtcsymuCrJI3nkKYSeGFbizTjLLMjZpMfnkvjpCAmjmTnmTZEhuVlhpvSf4sMSXNsQLWbqgn3eJDeOWVblsNERUbQ33PlAWAgxLvlel0lEMn3rDpiX23S6D964hKHTXcQCsfibn7IE0VhixJ4hnKgp99CR1HcmpaDPpymx8eueVlIwYfxfG1/s320/Picture2-1.png" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">From the above
all we need to do, to estimate the number of brackets (B), is to solve the
following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="39" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="116" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Where n is the number of hyperfocal
brackets at the nearest point of focus, and m the number at the furthest point of interest. Giving us:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="78" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="212" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Where H is the short form of the hyperfocal distance, giving us, after simplification:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="78" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="199" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Which in turn we can
write as:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="66" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="218" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Finally, as we are now
covering large magnification, we should recognise N, the aperture number, in
its non-infinity form, ie respecting magnification and the pupil magnification.
Giving us, via the bellows factor, our final estimate for the number of macro
brackets:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="78" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAgcAAACCCAYAAADSQ2t5AAAgAElEQVR4Xu2dW4xWRbbHC5/mvBDM0AmjGFFIlGugX7ANl/iCTtNNCIFANyNBgsTugRCECDTgAwLOSYCkTbgEMIDKLbwYuaoJykDa5oFL5CIE5iDRtg3MCdE3HhzOt/axPte3e1+qdtW+/zuZZOSrXZdf1a7671WrVvV7/Pg/jwX+QAAEQAAEQAAEQOB3Av0gDjAWQAAEQAAEQAAEOAGIA4wHEAABEAABEACBGgIQBxgQIAACIAACIAACEAcYAyAAAiAAAiAAAv4EYDnA6AABEAABEAABEIDlAGMABEAABEAABEAAlgOMARAAARAAARAAAUUC2FZQBIVkIAACIAACIFAWAhAHZelptBMEQAAEQAAEFAlAHCiCQjIQAAEQAAEQKAsBiIOy9DTaCQIgAAIgAAKKBCAOFEEhGQiAAAiAAAiUhQDEQVl6Gu0EARAAARAAAUUCEAeKoJAMBEAABEAABMpCAOKgLD2NdoIACIAACICAIgGIA0VQSAYCIAACIAACZSEAcVCWnkY7rRE4fvyE6OrqEpcvXxZXrlwRP//8s5P3+PHjxfTp08XChQvFwIF/tlYeMgIBEACBpAlAHCRNHOXlmsA//vHfYvXq1U4btm/fLmbNmuUIgX/+85yYPXu2IxRIJHR3f5PrdqLyIAAC5SYAcVDu/kfrNQlIcUDCoK3trZqnDx48JObOnev827Fjx0RT01TN3JEcBEAABLJBAOIgG/2AWhSAwL///b+irq7Oacn7778vVq1aWYBWoQkgAAJlJABxUMZeR5trCNCWwKFDh8RXX30lbt26Vf3ttddeE6dOnVSmxcWBl2VBOSMkBAEQAIGUCUAcpNwBKD5dAh0da5yvfPofORLSX3Nzc8VnoNvxITh8+JByBfm2wp07d8TQoc8rP4uExSRAwnPlypViwIABWkIz7zToXVi+fLlYunQpLGganUkfGHv27HH8ms6ePSsmTZqo8bTdpBAHdnkitxwRaGtrFzt37hRvvfWW2LFje7XmdBph5syZYuvWraK9vU2pRfRST5gwwbE80Iu9adNGpeeQqJgE/vWv/xGbN292xhf96Vqh8kqFxBAJ7dOnTztNwPaaek+SoFq/fn3VeglxoM4OKUHAGgESAGQhoD8bX/ktLa0VK8NhnFSw1kP5zYicVjs7O6tHXMsgDkgcr1u3riqGZO9BHISP48uXr4iOjo6qoJJPQByEs0MKELBO4MUXhzsK3caxw/b2v1csDzucvI4fP44YB9Z7Kx8ZkuBcsWJFjd+KrHmRLQdeYgjiIHzM+gkqiINwdkgBArEQIKVeX19vxey5Zs3ayhbCJgiDWHoqP5n+9a+NzpcfiQDaVqK9Yjk2imo5oK2TpqYmcfPmTWdrjoQR+dm89FKDuHDhgpX3Kz8jQK+mJCQXLVokHj9+7PhlSH8nedqJcoPlQI8pUoOAMQHphGj6AtIe4YIFC8TYsWOduAZ1dQON64YMskuA+vvcuXNi27Zt4okn+tVUdM6cFjFt2jTR2tpS/XceMKuIlgP68p03b57jcDl58qRqu6VQon9Q2VaQXLnfT3ZHgZ2akW8GnWjasGGDGDZsaDXTfv2eqP5/iAM7rJELCCgTkFsK9MCDBw8ibQPIkwm0lQBhoIw+twmj9HfRxYFfZ+qKA+kYjG05ISAOcjtFoOJ5JkDbCbt27erjNMXbpKLWKZ/GxkbnMfqS5Mqf/o0sE3Tvgk6MhDxzLXrdowgDYgJxoGY5IFZ+J4eKPrbc7YM4KFuPo72pEiDz5+DBg8WjR49C6/H48X9C08g91UuXLolx48bWpKd9WDrSOHnyZK0YCaGFIkEqBKR/yqBBg8TJkyf79HdQpSAO1MUBcZTvlcpWRCqDIYFCIQ4SgIwiQMCLwI4dOyuxC9qdn6JEMeSBjoIIl3mCK8rI47EroowViAM9cSCFNV1e9vXXX9f4MRRlTIW1A+IgjBB+B4GYCMhjh5S9yhaCuxp8PxXiIKZOyki20tQd1ZkQ4kBPHFC3S/H+wgsvOFt2ZXPyhTjIyMuPapSPwPDhI5yjV/SnsoVQPkJoMREgb3LaGqI/r+0jFUoQB/rigLhKh2E6Ekre/O6TISrs85oG4iCvPYd655oA9z2I+jWYawCovDIBuUC5Q2srZ1BJCHEQTRzII8LkI3T79u0+Dr86fZC3tBAHeesx1LcQBOSdCTTp4P6DQnRpLI2wdYEWxEE0cUCdKi18JOJPnDhRGusBxEEsrzQyBYFgAnyyPnDgQE3AGrADAUlAWg10b+V0E4Q4iC4OuPWgTM6JEAeYh0AgBQKNjVMrsQdOOSXbuGwphSagyJgJcKtBFIdVXj2Ig+jigDg+9dTTore3V/vq9JiHSKzZQxzEiheZg4A3gT/96b+cWAd0Zr239ydgAoE+BKTVgLzlb978zogQxIGZOOB3U5RFzEMcGL1yeBgE9AlQMJuGhgZHHMAZUZ9fGZ7gJxRsxKmAODATB/ydNXEMzdPYhTjIU2+hroUgQOenly1b5ogDGxN/IaCgETUEWlpaK1EtD1vbdoI4MBMH1BHSMZGsfVevXo10D0qehjnEQZ56C3UtBAHT4EeFgIBG+BLgx1zpAqDu7m+MaUEcmIsDvrVQBidiiAPj1w4ZgIAeAR78KOpNjHolInWeCHDveFvHXCEOzMUB31owPT2Sh/EIcZCHXkIdC0Mgjq/CwsBBQxwCfEvB9JSCRNrQ8HLFAtHt/Cc5OJ4/f77wZnF61+rq6qqjysaCLk8tUKZFFvYUh6W5ubnKLsp9HjZf536VELKPbWaIvEAgawR48KOyODZlrQ+yXh95koXqGSWsNi2KN27cENevXxe//PKL2Ldvn7h161ZNs0kgzJ8/X4waNUr0799fPP3002Lo0OezjiawfnRZUk9Pj+jq6hK//vqr2Lt3r6CLk/gfOQBTKOqXX37Z+ecRI0ZoiSQu3I4dOyaamqbmmpmsPFlFiN21a9fEvXv3PK+Sp/lqzJgxYuTIkc5jkyZNTKztEAeJoUZBaRHg5t1t27ZVbmVsS6sqKDeDBOiUwpQpU4xOsvCTDqpNLIJjLH+3VNutG9SIl2Fry0e1rnGm43FXVMv57bffEosWCXGg2itIl1sC/CbFixcvivr6cbltCypun0BRFx/7pNLJkQsvW86i6bQkX6VCHOSrv1DbCASkkw+Zdcn0W6Zb3iLgKt0j/AuuDB7xeetgtx9DlG2fvLU5C/U1FgfyznOVxtDe05AhQyrOPy2J7p2o1A1pikmA9vXq6+udxpXxCthi9qrdVnGHN1vOiHZriNz+8penqr4M6KNkxoOxOKBqRtl3KtLeUTJdhVKiEOjoWOMEPaK/sl3/GoVX2Z7hJ1mo7ffv36942w8sG4bMt5dvDabtxZ95WJYqaEUcUF24t6+XsiOPcXIGO336dLXqMOFZ6kVk40mAJv7Ro0c7XxybNm2qWA5WgRQI1BDgzoj0Q5IOX+gKdQLcQl0ER071lqeX0oo4oOMsdNSCQtPSX9BZVH4sBc4l6XV80UsmYbB48WJx5MgRQceBSJjC16Dova7fPh5Wm7Y9T5w4gXGijzH2J8oaUCp2sAEFWBEHXH2HLfhupQ7nkjS7v3hlk1AdNmyY0zCa7F9//XXR2tpSvIaiRVYIuBcdiAMrWK1nQiKuvb3dyTdsjbFeeEkztCIO+AsWFmQG4qCkIw3NBoEMEpgzp8WxLtEfHFYz2EG/V8kdRwIflfH3lRVxwLcKwvwIuDiwcWd6/IhQAgiAQFEJcEc3+KVkt5chDpLvGyvigB8FunTpkhg3bqxvS3SsDMnjQIkgAAJlIgBxkI/e5keSqcZh60w+WpXtWhqLA7czYpC5h5zEKE50b2+vQ+XOnTu5jy2e7e5F7UAABIII8PPzCK2d7bGSpRsLs03KTu2MxQG/1IYcwE6dOulZMxIGTU1N4sKFC87vNl5EPljs4Ih26YqtspEPCIBAsgT4HKIb8z/ZmqI0iINkx4CxOOBBZrz27GiviG7s6uzsrEa4siEMCBPEQbKDBaWBQNEIQBzkp0chDpLtK2NxwPfswqpOJxlWrFiBrYQwUPgdBEAgEQIQB4lgtlIIxIEVjMqZGIsD1a93OpmwefPmwtzFrUwYCUEABDJLAOIgs13Tp2IQB8n2lZE44B6kgwYNEj09PTXRxcjPoLu7W2zYsKHqa1C2aHWq4inZbkdpIFB8AiqhkE3EAQ8Zb4OmSn2j3GMTVjedcMS25zOdeAWm4sB9HDKMi8rvQX527udtstPhptIOrzRG4oBHrZo9e7Y4ePCgZ+hREgkTJkwQt27dcurw2Wefiebmpqh1ztVzNgdErhqOyoJAygRUFluIA+FcTLZq1Uql3rI9n+kschAHf3SRDjeljvVIZCQO+GUYYQFEuOINEhJRG4LnQAAEQECXgIk40C0L6c0ImIoDs9LL97SROHjxxeFVa0DYMSDEMC/f4EKLQSDrBCAOst5Df9QP4iDZvoosDmiroK6urlrbMBNeHOLAtomLGpOEuSbZLkZpIAACfgQgDvIzNiAOku2ryOKAO3eoXHX60ksN1p0SIQ6SHSwoDQSKRgDiID89CnGQbF9FFgfcEhDmb0BRFJubm6stK5NDYrLdidJAAAR0CCB8sg6tdNNCHCTLP7I44MGPghZ7Ou7Y2NhYjY6oYmVIFgFKyyIB2rY6evSo2L9/v1i7di3iY2SxkxKqEzk+P3z4ULS3t4tJkyZaLRUXL1nFGVtmuHgpNrS+GUcSB25/g/v371f8DwZWC6Hfb9y4IQ4dOiR27txZ/ffx48eLY8eO1aRNvskoMesEyNL05ptvOoKSgmft2rXL+qKQdQao3x8EyEopw6/Tx8XGjRtFff04K4ggDqxgjD0TXNkcO+I+BUQSB/wIo2qVV69eLd5++20xcOCfVR9BuhISWLNmraBtKvrTOX9dBlQHDx4S69evd04IkWgi8c2vR6cJdPv27eLIkSMODlpIiSVPQ7eoUqTSTz/9tCq+8hC5lOq9ZMmSysVupwQFXNu9e7cVa9KcOS1VXjRHUcC2J57oV4bhlKs2Qhwk313a4oDv0QVVl6wEQ4YMEZMnTxZTpkzBfQrJ923uSmxv/7vYsWOHU+8DBw6I1taW3LUhjgqTJY4WxsOHD9dkz6OzcVHFE5GIuHnzO+efSFwsX768usXH0+Xl+nQ+RsgK2dQ01Qh5HKeojCqEhz0J8IB7tLZ0d39TCFK0XfL555+Ls2fPirt371ZDA5AAHjt2rJg2bZqYNWtWKh/V2uKgED2CRmSOAC1cCxYsEI8ePRKffPKJmDu3NXN1TKNCJAzImff77793vnBHjBhRE22Ujt6SJY8sAWQBIG5uPx+aeH788cfKb3Mda8zChQudpsybN8/5Eqc/UysN3xMOi3liyrGlpdURSjSBnj9/3ujDgxadZcuWOeMO/lCmPRPf824Rd+rUyfgKSyBnGne0VSajBpOInzFjhujfv7+4d+9eJrbjIQ4SGAgoIpgAmYwpvDb5GCB6Zi0rEge0iJO5W+6zy31ymlCWLl3qbDWcOHGiZh+em8vpPhPy/XFbY7ggMxUHcquR6kT+RnGa5onJ6NGjnfGiE9veaxSSuZosmyQO6C8sXgve5XQI8K1s07GaTgtqS+X3ctD7uWPH9poEWXDkhzjIwkgpeR34Qnb79m0xbNjQkhMJbj4XB/TlQZYBtxe/+4Ie2k/ftGljTcbk+Dlz5kxnYTSdcOV2Y9ixZlsdS8KGLCH0Z7IFRUJj8ODBVXHgdq62VV/kY0aAO46SX01b21tmGab8tBQHQR9DfIxTdS9evGjNEVel+RAHKpQsp6FJuaurq2L+vSyuXLlS3QOmry65z6S63+4+4iOrGuZc5ec78uDBA+X9Lfri//DDD512nD59uoYSfdGRz8nEiROdLzM/R1Refxs3dtJkv2fPHkHt91o0LXdlKtnx895+izqfTP32aLmAMFlg+SSWpLiT4du5X0WUDnnqqadFb2+v82jcWyJR6odnhODzVRHeaykOwhZ8/q4nJbzleIM4SOjNo0Vr69atYu/evVUxQJP29OnTnRrQgOcLrJepya+qtEhPnTq1un9F6cLMu1SfxYsXVz21qS6016/y1U7Prlu3rmZfLAhj0ITLzYWmCwv35pdMbZ+LT2i4+Bbjvib96tWrnsKL33viN5nKvXsqzMQhUVp+kt6ztyVuGhunVn0v4O+S9gjvW7776HyZQtzz9xjiIHtj00qN3EdxvL7U3GYkHVOv1z3vYaqU10n1i4kWp9bW1ooH/E2HC4mQd999t2odIKGyZs2aquigNH77uPylJ3FC1pQoe9VUp46Ojj7WiyJ8YbgHH/fa9toqoPSca9BX9fDhI5x+NPnypv4eNmyYU00T60OUl4yXTebZw4cPRclG8HfHj2mkjPGQFQJ8nirSSQUVOBAHKpRynoYP8KA9M/4lTd7Yvb0/KbVcfr3R5Eaigv7CthbkQkPl9PT0hC7M3HGQ8g+ybshBHbToczGkI4QkkDALRpLiQJoJo7RDqYN/T8T9M/zax8OV+y121JcjR4509tp1rFR+YoXGkJ8VQ6d9umn5nS1RrR/cKTGqg6PbMkj5fPTRR30CvrnT5Xn/nMYZOcpeuHDBOTmyZcsW3+PH7ntwdARpWcWb22IS9rGn++6Epce2QhghS79LcRC24LstDKoLnNxjvnTpUsVppd6pddjWgnzpVE8I8Ik47BmZd5AfgcpC54efJqZFixZVbtF87Hjsy+N5/KZQVXY2ujgpccC/JPzMq3wy9WPATyqYfPHL+pgIDBP+HR1rqmLYpB3ce1zXbE2TeFNTU/ViOdker7HP3yFKZ1JnE26mz3pZKilPP4EmT93Io7M64oBvf9mIbWHa9qSe5x9PYXN5HHWCOIiDqkGe3FRK2agucFKZ08TGJ6AgtSkFhcrXC58MaKCeO3cuMAy2/Hrdtm1bJSZ+mycR/jWhOyHLaID05cL9JNK6nCUJccDHRtAXLt9D93Mw5cGEon5xc/8H1XFq8Gp4PsqtJCZbC3wB0m2LjDNx8uRJ8cwzz1SPWbotcl6RZXXLss0vSn6SuZw3+HgLmkv4HBI0L7jrxB1GdRymo7QtS8/wD4E0LiuEOMjSaKjUJYo4kNYGuWComuHkQho2Qbm3E2wMVL6wRDXlenVdkcWBynYBMZFCJejrTE64YZasoNeDxzaQURiTfp34+6LzNequJ7ek6PodkAXsb3/7WzVaI7dmSF8e+RVIvElEfPfdd85RTF1RnDRfr/JoO/KHH36oHo3lR2KD3mUpSInBt99+q3THDs0TDQ0NzvaXifjLAjedOrh9i9II6w1xoNNjCaTlC4DqxC0HkpzU+AvlN2HyxTlsguJfPLY80vngt2mSLrI44IuOn3lVZTLl/gYmwkweL4vbzyLsteN9HvXLksc7MHV64+8wfSG/+uqrzpFe2gIjYcDvughrWx5+d8eK8JtPGhperoQ97nZ8XIiLivMxDwue1y0Y3T7kc7PpWNQtm6eHODChF8OzfCFWXTTl3j036UlPdKqil9lYfsmEDT4ejY7ysvWCcuuGzcWlyOKAxy7w2wrg4YD9uHIHPH48iv6dLnNyR2vzGuZ8PzTqtoSt14dzCbOCBZVp62gndyQjwX7mzBknJG4RhYHkKRd+v/mGC1KdI8tyHkvL4dXWGFXNh8YORYul4GY0Nx8/flw57oxqGarpIA5USSWQjptIdeLGy70pPjFyxe21DyhFSJgJlS8CqpYMFVRxRTwrsjiQbQvqB+5L4LdQennnS0uOqiCV/WdieVAZJypp+FgyEa+ci6lg5fvF1AYbW3EqLNJKE3YhlhStb7zxhrLVgFvBVMdlWu23US53bJXbT2lamSAObPSqpTy4976qVy7/SuHmPP5ieVkHpNNi2GTqjtGv8lWpgsPW1567rKKKA36KJWjvlVuM/EzsbjOwZKg6AacZ28BrbNmMu28j9gPVkddJx/lO5d3JYhq+TeglrKRY0rEa8A+ctK1TSTCXYyYLwoDaC3GQRK8rlKES3MYrG7m/6SUA/LYWuKCgo49B6pSHLVUVLArNrTlRYWIKLos4UNmG4Yt+mHMeWYRWrFjhhA2msbN27Vrl649lXbJi6lVhozImKQ23lJmMS769U3SrAXHj4tUtMuVvYXFX3H0knWbL4IjIxWTYnKw6lk3TQRyYErTwvPt+AZ2vczkxem0P+G0tqMZccN/bENXZywtRXF/4ceUb1s1JHGUMq0NSv6cd28DdTpvigPKW7Yu6KLnjHiQd9japceAnzN1bTWQlpDtkVE8oSJEmr3BXjd6aVrtNy7V1iZhpPfr0Z8UU/dh2pshPnQAtwHQvgvyC03VAkeZ5r+0BvofKLQtyMg3bL3YH4bB5XC2uRdx2vu6gVOo965/S1okPG3XRzYPzyMoXjm1xYOpsKeMeEFt5rTRdqa3ina/bH1lKz+OryC1OOV5UYqnwtkirZ57fFZW+4du/pn4uKuXppIHlQIeW5bT0hdHc3Owc74nqmSoXQ7+JmgcQkft20o8gbDDySTdMSOiisb2Iy/Jt5wtxUNuzqrEN3HdsuC1b8vbMffv2OZ7ZtA0yf/58sWrVSt2hVHM3QtiYVs08qnVE8qHFkLYT5GVqfveLqNYnD+m4aVxaGUkw0F939zfKTeAxJ3R8FJQLyEhCegfoiCvdbxLVShVnUyAO4qQbkDc3PdLEeP78ee0jKyqxCrgXsVTvcuIL8yHgzohhpxp0MdpexOMSB6rtKsO2Aj/WGvQlKENby2uQJUMpYGnctrW19Qk3TOmiLO62LQdUDy4KVZ3hpMXBKxhZ0U3jxIz7TZG/xvXr1yvRUduVo7zKcSLnJ10fBdV3NSvp5NysMv9T2gEDBjh3WSRlgYI4SGmkcM9UMjnW14/Trol8GYO+6nlAFkr38ccfVyKT1TllhfkQ8BMFUSbtoAZxE6SJ45e7jLhER1jnlEEcqJjb5VcfHVlbv369+PLLL51IgHLhp4BAjY2NYvLkyc5ER6GvufNeFCfHOMQB1Ve+o37vl+RB79HRo0edhZDXn0cO5OKa/p2uho56i2TYWEzrdy6oaL7o7OwUNA42bdqoXCU5p6mEaFfONIMJ+ZZvmHCUaV955RWR5PYUxEEKA4cr7LCBEVQ9OXmFLdzuEwe0lRHmzU7lxikOcJQxhYFnWKSMoR9kAqUFk+7dkBHw+IJBfjEffPBB5XTMuD6BlngQHV2xaPMoI0fEA9J4WUq4w698jm/vuU+PkHXwxo0bjglZd9E07LpEHnffIqjyRcwrxsO0m8yLiTTWsBD5LpGYHDt2rG9uDx8+rFrYkva/gDgw7GTdx/lWgK6Tjrss+fUdtj3gDn9M+6Aqe1yqdzTIekkrRZhYcQsPUw6cCywHuiNSLT2PcBcWG4PnyMUBLRZkGvXaf+bbXyrjh5dhKwiSFwn5vnqdPecXDtGzXlx41EWZv23/HbUeTCYVD/6kK/LkfKbb/8m0zF4p3Gqgk2vS2ywQBzq9YyGt6jEpUuGvv/6687/W1pY+JXOVHrYnyrcWZEYqCzI3I6uEWZZhP8PECtUhLlMwxIGFQeqRBY9t0Nv7k3IhvJ+Don6ajIe4rFCykTzUOI3turqBzk88YNLmzZs940Twq4qp/XS9eBSnS2XgKSeUfaHroyQ/YFQDcaXcTKPi/a67Dss06SOxEAdhPWLxd53gMTKtn4rmC37YxUnUBL61QP+tourd9yr4PeM+1x3my0Dl4+IliwMrgazkQqg7eXOn1qAvQhNxYOPipTCEfgIh7Lky/S63BZ599lmt0wlSGEQ9sVUmxkm2FeIgIdp8oSXz6nPPPedb8t27d53jXfTnN6HyrQIVccAnacpX5RlK5/7y27Jli5gyZYpzsoLa9MUXXziOZ7K+Kr4MlG8cVza7LSQq1hFb3V9kh0TuWKcb24CL0iDRyE30KsJV9putK5tVxoHbn0LlmTKloW0BumCKfCuGDn1euemSq07wN+XMkTAyAYiDyOj0HoxqSvIy0bvP3qvsAfMtAt09Ty5Ewlqt4ssg8+BffKpihZdPAqOnp0dcu3bNmZR27tzZp3r0pTtmzBgxcuRI57dJkyaGNSHS70UWB/zIlU4gLC4Aw8ZF2K1+fp3CBWFYGZE6Fg8pEZBjRGVLUSlDJEqdAMRBQl3A90V1inR/RfmJjDAnHvc1sjrHi6i+JEjoS5zqQ1Hf5J+0gpAH+qhRo5xgTqpfDdyaofO1KMt2O4SpcI0rGE1RxQH3uNe9QIgL0iArjs6dEO4+7uhY41jX6E9FJKuMEaTRIyBPbYC/Hresp4Y4yHoPFbh+fPEIEzdZx1BUcWASrU7l+mjqV794ACp9zuNlhDnmquSHNMEEpNWSLATDhw8X5IhJFjtdXxRwzj4BiIPs91Fha8itGWRx6OrqSiz6V2GhWm6YXHzJZH/w4EGt/uFbBUH+BlxE6Czw3N8AWwqWO94nO26pkUl0LUrJ1BSlmBKAODAliOeNCHB/hiLHUTeClNLDfPGliH5z57Yq14RvFdBDfj4lPH6C7tcn32KDSVu5a4wSyu1ROpZJUS7feeedSNFdjSqBhxMhAHGQCGYU4kfAfV21jKwHYukTkF+JtBCQ46dOTHe+VRAkDmSQoChhk2XMENUTMukTRQ1AID8EIA7y01eFrSl3TIT1IDvdzG8m1BVtbsdZr20F6c/w5JNPOjHjde4X4f4qsBpkZ8ygJsUhAHFQnL7MbUt4TPUoe9u5bXiGK86PCF68eFFr4aZmuU+S0JbBe++958THoP6Wjmz01U++DDrCgMcM0T2Wm2HkqBoIZIoAxEGmuqO8leFe8br72+WlFl/LedS6KI6i8vQGLf4zZswQZ86cqbmimRZ1v9DgYa3iWxG6AXfC8sbvIAAC/08A4gAjITMEuNc6BEJ63cJPkUSJMkl+JA0NDTpaRkYAAAJOSURBVOLRo0fWj7jxMYKAO+mNEZRcfAIQB8Xv41y1kF+Dm/fYB7kCzyrL771QuSfD3U56ftmyZY44iCIuvLjRVsSSJUvEqVOnBDkv7t692/Oio7wyR71BIGsEIA6y1iOojxMUZ9GiRaK3t1eQWXrXrl2xhT0G7r4EeGyDw4cPaSPi1xTr3sXgVRg5N3Z2djqROWk7YuPGjVo+CtoNwAMgAALYVsAYyCYBMm0fPXpU7N+/X6xduxZfiQl1Ez9aGtVsL29wpCpHuTPD3VTyf3j48KFob2+HSExoHKAYEIDlAGMABECgSoDHNujt/UmbDA9qRFEvu7u/0c4DD4AACKRPAOIg/T5ADUAgMwTkFcurV68WupdzUSPcwY90wiFnBgIqAgIggG0FjAEQAAF7BLhDqcw1qtCwVyvkBAIgoEsAlgNdYkgPAiAAAiAAAgUnAHFQ8A5G80AABEAABEBAlwDEgS4xpAcBEAABEACBghOAOCh4B6N5IAACIAACIKBLAOJAlxjSgwAIgAAIgEDBCUAcFLyD0TwQAAEQAAEQ0CUAcaBLDOlBAARAAARAoOAEIA4K3sFoHgiAAAiAAAjoEoA40CWG9CAAAiAAAiBQcAIQBwXvYDQPBEAABEAABHQJQBzoEkN6EAABEAABECg4AYiDgncwmgcCIAACIAACugQgDnSJIT0IgAAIgAAIFJwAxEHBOxjNAwEQAAEQAAFdAhAHusSQHgRAAARAAAQKTgDioOAdjOaBAAiAAAiAgC4BiANdYkgPAiAAAiAAAgUn8H+3T/JDq5y8BQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" width="312" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Where f is the focal
length, N is the infinity aperture number, ie as quoted on the lens, m is the magnification, ie reproduction ratio, p the pupil magnification, and C the
overlap blur we wish to use. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">To illustrate how to
use the above, let’s look at a Canon EF-M 28mm f/3.5 Macro IS STM lens on my Canon M6
Mk II. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Using the last post, and wishing to use an overlap blur (C) of 10 microns,
I’ll select a step size of 4.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">I’ll select an (infinity)
N of f/8.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">From the
PhotonsToPhotos optical bench the lens details at a magnification of 1 are as follows:</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgadnxb9QU4icRLnkdtTWxTb8fW-U03n6pjzttjJ93DCPHh8dnwyjIPE9X_yyz8O96t7B4sgKReyutufW4MWIQ5CX6G_OfZ91dNG75-MAtNY6JqPgqkH2xYKYL0Db1uVNt4Z8UW4iTxP4ZVYJU-tl32xHgLcfF1g7FTK0KnTgMKa9t0ye3TNW2RQxgJJld3/s993/Screenshot%202023-11-04%20122914.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="993" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgadnxb9QU4icRLnkdtTWxTb8fW-U03n6pjzttjJ93DCPHh8dnwyjIPE9X_yyz8O96t7B4sgKReyutufW4MWIQ5CX6G_OfZ91dNG75-MAtNY6JqPgqkH2xYKYL0Db1uVNt4Z8UW4iTxP4ZVYJU-tl32xHgLcfF1g7FTK0KnTgMKa9t0ye3TNW2RQxgJJld3/s320/Screenshot%202023-11-04%20122914.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">From the above we can
find x, the nearest focus we can achieve after focusing at a magnification 1, ie at the minimum focus distance.
Unlike in the previous post, where we could get away with using a common zero at the
entrance pupil, in macro photography we need to be slightly more selective;
remembering that focus distance is measured from the front principal, blue H
(which is not the hyperfocal H) in the above diagram, which gives us a minimum
focus distance (x) of 36mm, ie the distance between O and H in the diagram.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The P2P lens information
also tells us the pupil magnification (p), at this focus, is 1.9.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The final piece of data
is to decide what y to use, once again measured from the front principal, which
we will do by adding a delta distance to x, in this example 20mm, as the flower in this test image is small. We will also assume the same magnification and pupil magnification at x and y.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Plugging all the above
in the equation for B gives us the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="69" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA08AAAB5CAYAAADh9Ro3AAAgAElEQVR4Xu2dX4wWRdr2C472PZCELJPsskR0mcQFkczMyYoRiHtA3OFPCNH1HViNCCTOvBgCsgqMcEBQ3y9RE3ZRiEJYV2UwJIQAAnKw6gvR4UAh6AoGV8WVhej7hcQzD1y+uZqveu+np7urqru6n+7nufpEmae6/vyquruuuu+6a8z16/+6rniRAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmkEhhD8cQRQgIkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAJmAhRPZkZMQQIkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAKK4omDgARIgARIgARIgARIgARIgAQsCFA8WUBiEhIgARIgARIgARIgARIgARKgeOIYIAESIAESIAESIAESIAESIAELAhRPFpCYhARIgARIgARIgARIgARIgAQonjgGSIAESIAESIAESIAESIAESMCCAMWTBSQmIQESIAESIAESIAESIAESIAGKJ44BEiABEiABEiABEiABEiABErAgQPFkAYlJSIAESIAESIAESIAESIAESIDiiWOABEiABEiABEiABEiABEiABCwIUDxZQGISEiABEiABEiABEiABEiABEqB44hggARIgARIgARIgARIgARIgAQsCFE8WkJiEBEiABEiABEiABEiABEiABCieOAZIoCACZ86cVW+//bZ677331Jdffqk+++yzoKSf/exnqqurSy1cuFDdf//9asKEn1rV4O9//0Lt3r1bnTlzRh0/fjy857bbbgvzW7KkzyqvZidCW06cOBGw+eqrr9Tp06fDKt17772qu7tbLV++XE2Z8kurqv7v//5ftX//fnXo0CF19uxZdfXq1VysrQplIhJoEoG9e4fU448/rlavXq3Wr3+ySbVgsUURwPts165dasOGDcE7cvbsWUUVxXwrSoDPeEU75v9Xi+Kp2v3D2tWQwI4dO9W2bdtCsQRxs3jxYjVu3Dh16dIltXPnzrBVv/71r9WRI0eMAmrjxkH17LPPBvfJ/L7//nt14MCBhrKGhoZGxEdXJckdOfKWevHFF0PxByG5aNEiNXnyZIW27Nmzp0H4HD161NgW/ZGBYJL5AcDBgwdDYYbfnn/+eVUXgVnJDmSlmkrgf/7nZPAe0Isn+H+Kp6Z2iffC8T7bsmVL+E6nePKOuNIZ8hmvdPeElaN4qkc/sZY1IjBmzNiwto8++qjaseOlhtrDItXb2xuKBFhajh07mtjC3/62N5wsvfTSS6q//9FRaQcG/muknB3B3yESTp06ZW21KROtbAuE4+HDh1VHx4SwClhxnT9/foPgOXfuXEMaWd///u//E6zO4gJrTDpkfvg7JiNLly4Nb0OZ8+fPK7PZLIsEchHAc7Fp06aGhRdkSPGUC2ulbsZ3YXBwcORbcKyhXhRPleqmwirDZ7wwtIVkTPFUCFZm2s4EtHh64IEH1L59Q7EoohP6jz76KNbCItOl5YdCenvnhR/eONFWhT7R4gnWs5MnT8aKIrj0dXZ2htWFpWpgoH9U9WU65AfBmOQCKUUW0l64cL4KOFgHEjASwNiFJVu7osobKJ6M+CqfIGnSrCtO8VT5LsxdQT7juRGWngHFU+nIWWCrE9DiKUkQ6fZLC1XSJOhXv5oaum+YLCZSaMH6dOXKPyuHWounJEGkKywtVLDMvfXWW2rs2DEN7envHwhX4mF9euaZpxPbGxVkpr6pHDhWqO0IYMzCCnvhwoXAqrpu3brAmnznnTNDyyzFU72HBdyYV65cGTQC+9dWrFgR/P+kSZPUDz/8EPw/xVO9+zit9nzG69u3FE/17TvWvOYEpDBKmgRJgfXdd9+l7o2Cr/ScOXNCKtev/6u2hKQwShJPUmCZhCVASJackNR2aNSq4ljQgIU16rpr0whYJB566CH15JNPjjzXs8Nb5LineLIhWd00eGfDFfvpp59ucLP+yU/+o+3EU55npbo9nF4zPuN17bmR+cTIBOt6favPmpNAfQlQPCX3HcVTfcc1a36DgLYE2waFseVG8WRLqr7p2lE86Xe+7+eljqOAz3j1e43iqfp9xBq2IAGsOHV0dIQtS3Ijc7GWSMtT3ff1SNekJBc/1w+MZPn5559XMqBGCw71tmxSUcIJMF3HfVt2QM0b3Y7iCV2mBRTcVPHej7pq17xbravPZ9waVdMSUjw1DT0LbmcCcn9SmtD5z//sU2+++WaAyuSiMzj41Mi+n2es0tqynzp1WrDnokw3t+j+pIsXL44EkJgyqsoICT8wMBD83RSxEHsLFixYYJXWlg3TkUAcAURN6+npCaJe2oTad6XIiZUrsfqlb1fxhJ7SC2f4lm3YsL5+neehxnzGPUAsOAuKp4IBM3sSiCNgGwhCWpPSJmOwZM2YMWMkSMSV4ByotMhzLj2iI/iVKZ6igSC2bt0auwKJNt9xxx1hFLI33ngj8Qwn+TFisAiXEcC0LgQwJu++++4gyEvSsQIu+cWl5cQqL8Hq39/O4gmLZ3iGEF3y3XffbdjvV/2e81NDPuN+OBaZC8VTkXSZNwnEEJAWE1OUONwejaKHg17nzp0bBI/AZO3EiRPhoYrwF4eIQFQu1wsr5hs3blTbt28P7+/rWzISbn2fksEqEFYVB9qmRbdzLVun16v2+DfaMjz8QWpW0TOzsFr5u9/9Lqy/PJQX4hNWvNmzZ2WtHu8jgVQC+rw1kyU0D0ZOrPLQq8e97Sye0EP4Rq5Zs0bdcsstiUda1KMns9WSz3g2bmXeRfFUJm2W1fYEXMWBBgYL1BNPPBGGKI4DmfdsJ+0iCJGxefPm4DBefT4SIveh7v39/WEdTNH/XDtbrtq7HPSLlUocLqndG+PK5SZk195gelcCeEaxqIEQ00VaNzmxcu2Z+qVvd/GEHtMu41hgTPI+qF/P2tWYz7gdp2amonhqJn2W3VYEIA5mzZoV7CFynczD+rRly5bAHQj3Llq0KGB36dIldfDgwdB1DQfpwnKUdFisCbgsB6vnWPl755131MMPPzzif74huF2eOWPKz+V3Kd5c9opg0or9YMePHw9cFhcvXqzGjRsXWMcOHDgQnpMFbjt27Ig9jNilnkxLAnEE9GQv7yKGiS4nViZC9f+d4umGx8UjjzwSLEYk7Xutf0/Ht4DPePV7luKp+n3EGrYAAQgnBCwYHh523kgu9wDF7euJnlDvKszi8EpBgt9hCVq2bJlavnx5JpdAUxea2ph0v3RpTIrQJN0ki9rEb2off29tAnKiV3QkR06sWnssoXUUTzf6WC9IFOkGW8XRxGe8ir3SWCeKp+r3EWvYAgT0XgjXybt2mwMCU7S9mTPvCsQZrryr39ICpcXT6tWr1YoVKzJbtWwEUFrQh+j9MpiG6eO6ceNgwA9X3cO4t8Dj0HJN0JM8WH737RsqtH2cWBWKtxKZUzzd6Aa5KFFm0KJmDwI+483uAXP5FE9mRkxBArkISKvKhx9+OBLGuNsqv2g0OdOKdjSwxJUr/7QqRydCefv371fbtm0LXN3i3PYg/uAyuG7dOi8WKFln1+hk8gNjEl3R8OdF7klxgs7EtScgJ3hlRAfjxKr2Q8bYAIqnfyOaOPEXQRTZMhYmjB1TUgI+4yWBzlEMxVMOeLyVBEwEpDh4/fXX1dKlS0y3hL9Lywr+iKANaVdUILiu1JUdMAIBKObNmxd8GLNYylwOEAY3GR7eZMWz7iQmbHsC2uoEi+ann35a+MGenFi1/pCjePp3H8vzC00LiK0yMviMV78nKZ6q30esYU0JyMh6WQ78cxVPwOQqKCTauFDl+pwn36HKZfAMk8tdUve7tpUfpJo+SBWutoywl+UZz9I0juMs1Op1D8XTv/sL36WZM2cGgSOyLLLVq+dv1JbPePV7jeKp+n3EGtaQgAy7DXeDvXv3Oq9Iu4onlNnR0RHS8uGaVtQhufr8qDwH+rqKJ31yPQC5ugjWcAiyyiUQ0NZaFFVWRDBOrEro2CYXQfHU2AHaugu38Y8//tj7vtsmd/eo4vmMV61HRteH4qn6fcQa1pCA3udkIw6Qdvz48aMOnXXdp4MDYRHRD5evoAj6o+XqApjWZXKPiGkPGCLlHTp0SL311lujxKd0wzOJoaiwbBf3jxo+OrWpshxTiHD5/vvvOy+QZGksJ1ZZqNXrHoqnxv6Srnum/a316un42vIZr34vUjxVv49Yw5oRkBYjk+jQaZNc1+RL1OSyoK05wFXVPT2YcM6YMSPY52Ryc5IBM3788cdRE1MZidAkFmW48qxugjUbhqxuwQTkfsYyD/LkxKrgjq1A9hRPjZ0gXeDbIXAEn/EKPISGKlA8Vb+PWMOaEdAvPrgYdHV1Jdb+2rVr6vTp08HvSRN6WJ/uvvvu8BDcJAsLxMGaNWsCv3Csgg8Pf1BJalLwoM1pFw691VeceMJv0hUP4hIHCXd0TGjIFgIVH9yrV68G51WdOnXKS6TASgJmpUojIF32yoiyh4ZFLajtMJEsrUMrUhA8CO67777gXY7LZFWvSLULr8bPfz4x/A7KPbiFF1xyAXzGSwaesTiKp4zgeBsJxBGI7lOypYSV62eeeTo2OVbd+vv7Q6EFK8vixYvVuHHj1Pfff68OHDgQhBbHhXzWrl1bSZ/waOh1WzZpLlHIc9WqVerNN98MstOh1CdPnhz8++DBgw0Cdfv27RROtuCZLpWA3HOXJO7zIsTiyeXLlwOXQDzre/bsCSeQOm8sQsyZM0fdddddwZ+mTZtWyec/L4tWvR/vd/TxJ598oi5duqR27tw5qqlYGILF/vbbbw9+mz17VqviSGyXXKw4fPiwmj9/Xksw4DNez26keKpnv7HWFSUgLSsuVbRxs4ObEPb/nD17NhRLKAOTp+7ubrV8+fJKC4OswhLti9vzJPki76GhIXXmzJlQLOF3CC+w6evra8sJh8sYZFp7AtEDmk3j0z7nxpRZ3idlWcGyton3NRKQLlq2bEzHVtjmU6d08llIW2ysU5tQVz7jdeuxG/WleKpnv7HWJEACJEACTSIQncht3bq1lGARTWouiyWBphOQCxZVdk1vOihWoBQCFE+lYGYhJEACJEACrUJAWgtcD79uFQZsBwmUSSC6F6gdrW9l8mZZ6QRSxZMMBZyWjd4YXwfXIQ4IEiABEiABEshDQG5ep5tcHpK8lwTsCcjnzhTJ1j5XpqwKAQRLwf5OuN/LgFHY533PPffkcr+H+N61a1ewL9zH2EkVT9HN2DaAIaSef/55tWRJn01ypiEBEiABEiCB2hCIroB/++23oyI81qYxrCgJ1IiAtPgyCmGNOi6lqnifvvDCCw3BcBBFVEcqlkGfkA2Cp7z44otObtLYL45IvDqwVuHiCRWNbvKOmkrR8BMnTjRUDPfxEMrWGNhsBQmQAAmQwL8JRL+JRUXaI3MSIIFGAvrwefzVJsgS+VWfgHyfwviC4Ds9Pd0NFY++c01nROqbEclycHBQHTt2rCG/UsSTPAgwbZMeRBTOo5Ehk5NCL1e/O1lDEiABEiABEhhNIHrgclGR9sieBEigkUD0nMBjx44SUc0JSGGUtn9048bBQDDjgshCeP+xY8fEth56ZNOmTbFh/3FDKeLJJTwkB3bNRzGrTwIkQAIkkEog+p2jeOKAIYFyCMiFC0bcK4d50aVo8WQSRFHr08WLF1Vn55RR1cO+qZUrVwZ/X716tVqxYkXw/5MmTQoPni5FPEkf0zfeeCN1LxPFU9HDjPmTAAmQAAk0k4A8rBObjxmmvJm9wbLbiYBpG0k7sWi3ttqKJ6TDfrinn3664dzLn/zkP8oVTzK6iWkfkxRP2NS1Y8dL7da/bC8JkAAJkEALE5ALitx30cIdzaZVjgDFU+W6pLQKRfdGpbntxVWqVPGEzVY9PT1BPWBSu3Lln6mgXKxUpRFnQSRAAiRAAiTgiQDFkyeQzIYEHAnIOSlu/eijj1R3d5djLkxeRwIyWEgWi3+p4kkGi7j33ntHIlYkb86TqhAx2S9cOF/H/mGdSYAESIAESCCRgPTGYLhkDhQSKJfAmDFjwwJ97F0pt/YsLQsBKZqx1+3w4cPOx0OUKp5kdIs09wQ0rLe3V129ejXgknc1AEJs7ty5oX9iFtjRe0ziz0cZzIMESIAESKC1CXDy1tr9y9ZVmwCfv2r3j+/a6QAQ0BeYx7/22mtqwoSfOhdTqni6886Z6vTp00ElowofoQA//fRTNTQ0FIYDhGvfm2++qWbPnuXcMHkDxVMufLyZBEiABEigIAKcvBUEltmSgAUBPn8WkDImgSHk7bffDu6ePn26mj9/Xsac8t0GDfC3v/1Nvfrqq4EGgTfb5s2bUwPWmUosVTzJQZpWMYgmHRIwiyI0NZq/kwAJkAAJkEAVCHDyVoVeYB3alQCfP/89D2PIY489pvbt29eQOeb2EC39/Y8aC8WepMmTJ6v16580pk1KkGQ4gcXpwQcfDDzSsmqM0sRTNKpJGg00DCf+cuNe5jHDG0mABEiABGpAgJO3GnQSq9iyBPj8+e/a3t55IzENjiVmjH1GO3bsSJzjw7VuwYIFgVtdnoOL//73L9T+/fvDesDj7fjx4+G/IeZeeeWVTBax0sSTPIzsgQceGFGkQw1g0UiY09atWzcShe9K8JvpHCj/Xd7cHG0tc82tJUsnARIgARKwIXD9+r+MybJO3qr8vfjxxx/V2LFjUttelDu97SHDcvJj7CQmqBUBm+dONyjr8yeBFDGWbNvg8z1gW2baYNBHDEEgIQBOT0+3wvx+9+7dCrEO5AUjCQ6gldYfHfMA6Y4ePerdiAKr2KZNm8LtQSjn0KFDI2JtvtMYL0089fUtCU14aRGFAG7mzJlBcAeowlOnTjUcTOXUupol9vkQ1KzprC4JkAAJtBwBm8lI1slblb8XFE8tN5Rr1SCb547iaXSXunCLGxAQJjNmzFA333xzbAQ7iKhVq1aNsv4sWrQocNE7e/ZsEOcAV9HGE3k4ObTGuXPnnCLulSaepk6dNhJu/EIAxRQOUpr8GLq1Vu8sVpYESIAESMCBQFbx5FAEk5IACSQQ4PPnb2jAw2zNmjVBkIg5c2YnZox0W7ZsCSNqRxOWcVg4hFxnZ2dY9Ouvv66WLl1iDaMU8YRK3n777WGocJO6leKpDIjWtJiQBEiABEiABDwS4OTNI0xmRQKOBPj8OQIzJMd+JZuoerBS7dq1Sx08eDCMwo0tPQMDA7kjbNu2SEYAhwvhhg3rbW9VpYgnwLzvvvsC8WSzAcy3eCrKtzrPRjbrHmJCEiABEiCBliXAyVvLdi0bVgMCfP5q0EkFVfG3v+0NXQgrKZ70BjK032RJghqdNGlSaKXy4fdI8VTQyGO2JEACJEACuQhw8pYLH28mgVwE+PzlwlfrmysvnqQlybTfaXDwqSBMub6+++67zHHYa92rrDwJkAAJlEQArtWDg4PBZl2TW3VJVWqbYn7+84mh7z/3+LZNt7OhFSFA8VSRjvBUDW2sgQvg3r17U6N+ynfvhx9+GEQGtL1KcduThaSJob17h9QjjzwSWp1MVirbRjIdCZAACZDAaALa73zbtm3hBJ7iqdyRIlc/+c0rlz1La28CiO7c09MTQvjoo4+8h8Zub8Llt156uqUJIuiNpUuXBhXEdiLbIw50iwoXT3K/E+K+Dw9/0EATK57nz59XL774YkP4wkcffXTkEK2XyifPEkmABEigDQjg3fyHP/whjIKqm0zxVG7nUzyVy5ulkYAmgC0dc+bMCYHw3Vf/sSHFEzTH4cOHR4Ug12dJXb16NTgSCcLJxeokdQ2I+fAYGDMy+K5r/FjVxCnBw8PD1j2ChuAAq4GBfut7mJAESIAESMCOAD4cGzdubFiskndyAmHH0Vcqed7Ihg0b1NatW40HzPoqm/mQQDsToHhqvd5HGHRE7NMXNIU+Rwp/w9ah48ePBz/fdtttamhoyGhtxDfz8uXL6pNPPlGXLl1qOGBXlwODD864QmRxXLNnz3KCG4qnqDk0LReYzG655RY1a9YsNXfuXO5xckLOxCRAAnEEsHizf/9+9eqrr6qnnnrKKnxqq5PUq3L4aGzevFktWdKnoqtoFE+No6C/f0Bdu3atsBC6cqU0i/uIri3G+4kTJ9TJkyfVmTNnwvC/+B0rsL/5zW/U8uXLcx86jwknJh8oA//1sepalecO8xacUYMJFg7sxMo0LkzAYKFYuHBh8MzkueBtg/eSLgP5mvZm5CmvzHvlGPzqq68aFmgwBru7u1VfX5/TxBK8nnvuOfXOO++ozz77LGgO8sKEeMWKFbnmi3KiHecZVSY7n2WBGd4FGGPoh9OnT4fZ4x2DfvDxLvBZZ595of1oM96F0XGIb19XV5fTsyy9A2zr6fodbbA82RbCdCRAAiTgkwAEwcqVK4PJD16WL7/8stMH22ddqpQXJuq45KQjGo3U9aVfpfYVURcw03vCMPFAQKPu7i5vRckJXBbxhAk/xvfOnTvDib5eaf3+++/VgQMHwkknErgeBqkbimdq3bp1DXnhtyx19gbPU0boA/RxdHKO7CGiEEhFX0muQKaqpFl8f/zxx1pbG6NjECywYR+TVFx//vOfG8aNbRTl6L4UCE258p/F5Ur2U3Thou7Hz+AZlVtgpNUF74I9e/Y0LAi4uquZxjh/z06A4ik7O95JAiTggcDGjYPBkQi4uAHfDLRo8YSJ1cyZM4NAQKZoq+baNicFVjJXrVoVrKRjQvLKK694s2RGXYdcJ9JRH/8jR46MWo2XaUDw3XffHbGkzLaCCWvCY489pvbt2xekR/uXLVsWiKZp06blWvm3qkAJieTm77iJPfp//vz54f5Am/Mqkybp+DtcfObNm6emTp2a2xJYAh5jEXJ8YXwcPXp01ALDwMB/jexj3xHmZXoXyABi0T6J7lmBhaGzc4qxntEEsCrrRYdW+FbIyNYQ+dF3AZ5ljGNtiUJfnTt3btSeIGeQvCE3AYqn3AiZAQmQQFYC8gNtu7qZtaxWua9o8aT7BBbACxfO1xqbnGwdOnRoZE/v/NztwYSmo6MjzOfbb791mszIievFixcTJ5F33jkznDTZhPFFhaL7lrEna+3atS0hmGTHafGUFqgq6t5qG5lNvpMgurZv316qYJLjoyirsiwjjcvUqdNCAYoxuG/fUOzzg3GH/SNXrlwJRHqcRUiWiX6DxWXs2DFOz6N0x2oF91MtnvCuhaDs6JgwigcWAjo7O8O/gxtjDDgNm0ISUzwVgpWZkgAJmAikrVSa7m3n34sWTxMn/iKYBLXCyi7GiQ7wgFXbrCve0fEmzxtxsQohH9tzTeRkE5OrTz/9NHWyGRVOrbwYocWTSRCZLFTRfpXCqVkRhMsUT2mCSI5VzSlJzMk6J407iABszodFG1fawkHS+10+dyZLWB2+EVo8mQSRFI2t4HZbh74x1ZHiyUSIv5MACXgngA8pAs5gkm76gHsvvOYZFimepKD9/PPPS11xL6pbICruuOOOYO+Ar4mHnMxk3ZNkaq+reJIuQNjntWHDelMRLf+7i3iqyn6aMsSTbcdHz/JMEk/SQpV2NujMmXeF0ZxNgiFax6jFtyirnC2bMtNJC7qvd1iZ9W/FsiieWrFX2SYSqDiBvr4l4Z6MVpmkl4W8SPGk+8V1j0hZbc9ajpwE+hA7coJbVLhyWYbJbU+2D3sn3n//fWeXqKxsq3yfFE9pVippFYGF8tSpU01bOKibeJJ7JE2uvoODTwUBXHC5LprJvYatFGnP5vmheLKhVG4aiifPvOFnjQ8XwsLK0KlZwi16rlqm7PBR2b17dxjmVmdS1/ag/phovPbaa2FYVh3WFmcNuMb6T4NaZMhWtOHxxx9Xq1evVuvXP5mpb5t1k/zY+nCNAefBwcEgwpbr5v1mMchTblHiSU4gfQiMPG0s4l69Om7jAmcqX07kiloJ/tWvpoYRz0z7tWRaVzdCU1vr+ntUUA4Pf5DYFOmu12yrXZXEk43YQeTDNWvWBO54pkWXqDXVZU9ldMHimWeeruvQdK633P/oarFzLow3WBGgeLLClJ4I5uQXXnihIaykPtcAd8pDvvDvrJslPVTVKQsZBQ0TjsWLF6tx48apaDhd24PLnAovILGMXKMjUKE9Miyrr76xCdkaF+HI1GxM2rAXRR8a1+wPvam+cb/LiUoWv3edJ/pz165dYVhq/J3iKUuP3LhHT4LGjx/fkhGd5OTLhzgcM2ZsCNv3uJPh0E3vJPmuodXpRpfg3QC34AsXLgTRBtNCPEf34rgGAMn+xMXfWSXxJN3xkvYyRS2kSUEl0No8Cz/ycOrDhw97i57pu/985xcNGJHnm+m7bu2cH8WTh96Phq6N+zDLDxyKrPqk1yaqjTQlN9vVwdSNUjjFhQSVbcnrhiP72hSy1dY9BPXftGnTqJOyqz6Oov2CdkyaNClYpcwz0Us6w8b3JNY0rprxe54JSFp99UTJNFlvRpt9lCknya4uQ3Hly8mcT2uPq0ugrAdXpdWIl8RZ1d/fH0QqxMIeDrTt6elOHELScmJyj/QxDk15VEU82VruXPba5Xl3yWARafuqTHzr9rvPuUnd2l7l+lI8eegdKZ7SPl5RsXH58uVK+qXLyb9pkiFFlg8XLA/dEZuF/CDFRemRoVaRQdbVnejmdJuQrTt2vJTabHnoZzRh3cST/CBnqXvawZVgU5Z4ks982VGf8kxAkgaadKX0KQSKep6z5is3rOfdayffk3kWXPDOQCQ9WJP1Ablwf0KeNm7E0gL24YcfBkIBdYOrH8YmAmXg0t4Q8sDlrByrdh/G7/nz54M2w30Xi3lwabZpq/yG6e83nrGhoSH1zjvvhK6TEGL33HNPcPDwlCm/LAxBFcRT1HKXtsiXRzzZvjvRvz09PQFz05yksI5pQsay3XkWG5tQ9ZYvkuLJQxfriRRe2GmCKGqhquokRfrPm8zjcgKB9l+58k8PRP1mIYVR2oZWH2FqbUO2ynMbko+aLj8AABSTSURBVCZxWCnHwYyfffZZ4OqpP9rS/zmLAPFL1y23PKv1mi36cPPmzWrJkr6RQwXfGjm7Z0FYCYont/7QqfXCjo/9QNlqUM5dcg9H3lDeMvpX1olN9DBcTUEfyjp//rxUMNFvCsTDE088EbiroS9vvfVWde3atfC8KGRmcmMrpyf8lSLFo84VbYd4mjt3rlHoyPshnvDN04crd3V1BVlqN2mdvw+3zyQCVRBPMqCPab9dGeLJ53Prb+QVmxPeL3fffXfw/fd5zEKxtW6f3CmeSuzrqO9qVcWT/JiYzOPRj3cVw4dKawdWc5M2mspDFbMKQSk809hJAZR02B9eng8++OCoFWi5Ulo38ZRnnwgmFbjkanJ0/FE8ZXuhaZeYuo0n19bKZ9zHCrZcDMhircb4RYAhXNhL+te//rVB6ECU4f2Q5HYWdQdHPnjHLV++vEE04NuzdOnSMO9WEsn6vYC2I0iTtLbhb2ljOvpNRnpY/XBPd/cN4YQrzm06S3/bjNdmiyfpxmgjEssQT9qlGN/ljz/+uOUOfY4bF/J8uiz7o23GGtNkJ0DxlJ2d850UT87IvNwgV9HSVpvlfhwUbDqAMVo5aWI3hWyVwThcJ3F1FU+Sj68IZRRPSuVdsJAT8KImhF4eZA+ZyH1PpmfUpjjpQulLeEaFTtqqc9RylbYgh3yxkq3d+GwmxjYMqphGCgAtKOMWzaLvD1MfykWvLHsDpdDwxc3nIqxcaLRtXx7xZOM66zs6qy/uReYjt3jktZAXWc92zpviqcTely5GJhe/Eqs1qihpHTD5JMuPj4/JSBHtnjjxF8FhrLhM7XE5VDFaVxkhq8iQrXUVTy4RxGzHAcVTfvGkx5MvQWvbd81KJ59xk2Xdpo4+Q6Dr8qTLDv6W1DfRg10RVW7s2DGJ1ZaTsioER7DhmzVNVEDFvftd3x9SXGT5hldZPEGk9Pb2BuLaVjihb2Sb0jw7kDbLfk3psmcjtrKOl6rclxZwqip1ZD2UongqcRTID5fLy8lURZ0vQlj7OPNHuqKY8pQWFFNaUzv079r1zSR0bPOzPSgx+iFwbY9ryNY5c+aETXCxHpQhnuQKvS9XOMnHtMJr27eukx/bfE3pWiVghLSGt7IlQvannOz5eMfICXVRVgDUP84q6Cqe5AJGK7nuJT2vMtR2XEAj1/eHtIIk9Ynp3WH6vRlue1I4uYpquVfYtGiYRTzpxU9XDw0T5yr+LoVTkjt/FevdjnWieCqp1+UkxffmP/2ydZ3sJzVdflBQ1yR/WxlZDh9iROSZMOGnuYlqceBjYuP6spYTK1eeUtSY7s2zV6wM8YRO1KLTl3iKi2qVd7C4Tn7ylqfvbxXxpN8deM7PnTunOjom+EJU2XzkM+7LJUZP0n1O8KJuxHHCzFU8Net5adZgkFaLuIl9Fh5yMc6nWNaMyhZP0WM8EDDD5T0QHYNxEWZ12+SeQ5PQwj1yYcLHfKBZ49Cm3KjlzxSF1yZPpimOAMVTcWwbcvZ1wFtcEAG9migj4+ElhchBaS+ytKZHo+g9//zzQeQiiCPU4cSJE2rLli1BJBhsasYkJEv4Vh16+k9/+pPq7JwSVEmzki41eEFjQ7XrqeJ5xJPNy10yzCOeXD4MRYgnjKF//OMfau3ataEAxorfzTffHGxohysQ+n3VqlXq97//faYDCmW9fU06skx+fDzyzRRPckKItrjuzZPt11Zen5ZwH3yLzEOulJsWOWzrISd5Pl2LTBN16Qpu43YZdbNGiPQ0Nz/b9lc1nWliLyMmog02C0WyT4rYI1i2eJKBCbIEY3AJtBQ9w8z0PdeLEq7f4qqOx6R6ydDwrd7WuvVNUn0pnkroSekqYfIJNlUnmhcmu/gAwgUME/Bp06apxx57TO3bty/IyhRqPK08fGgR9haHDSZdec92ki9uHAI7MNCv9AsWrmzywEPUwXWPAsWTaUTd+F1HW4MF8eWXXw7Ol8EK/fXr1xX2UcD6uHLlysAfHmJ5ePgDu4xFKrnZmuLJHh/G8DfffKO+/vrr4BmPhk2G1WjZsmVq+vTpwQHEN910U0OksKSS5EQ6jwCzb0k1UsoJnC/xhJbJQ4Z9rRqbxFPUo8F0dmB0X6Zpj1Q1eix7LUziCTnLCKn6nKykEqNuezZiy7X2ZYonOR6yvgOiFtK0xQOXEOhyQaIIkeraL0Wm11x8evAUWV/mzT1PhY8BGWEsr9DQlcWkBx99TKLwsD388MNBeFr4yMIahAkuVi/Wr18/IqpmZ24jXl7SurRo0aIgr0uXLqmDBw+GUZvgqrJ9+/bMLnuyHNT7lltuCQ4n1O1CmfKcI5cGUTzZ0cIHcNeuXWrbtm1Bv2I8IWwy+gKX68GTcaXKQCQUT3b9glRx59ik3W27cinPdrpw4bx9hWqesijxJN81aRNI7TaYdqA6EMuJelpwArkoYZr8y323pvKr2s2a8/jx443nCsrJetIeErlv18RETuhd9wbZ8ixLPEnhbdpfo+cc0RDuuk3SFTYtL71/ySbYhl6MyHMAtS3zZqaTY8okYCF2ce5Wqy96NLM/bMum5cmWVIZ00ocVq/VHjhzJLDDiisfL77nnnlM7d+4Mf4bI6OvrszqZPq1JplCZ0XMvfLRPikLUTa+oR88scemKPOLJVezmcdtzcfUpwm1PMpViFn/XB07ef//9ucZvXcRT0sGlLuMumtanhSNPPfS9cr+iaeLko7wq5VGUeEIbtUtgmoDVE008VydPnkzcXyLfwWkBVqSLdZr7pezzOu9xk+/0tLErg96knQ8UDV+f5spYhOtx9NkoSzzJKJsm937TPmTZJ0lRd6VIMAUM0pESsXiX9oxU6b2SpS54JmfMmBFEAzYxkWmLsHhmqX8730PxVFDvRzdh+hZOqHZUbOBvWS00EoPL5CJ67kUed5XopB0fPJwSLw9Fde2uqHgyuf35Chhhcs+sasCIqAVKiye4VC5dusQVf0N6iqcnc/HzebOccLsId591aFZeLu831zrKEONJE3v5jklaoJH9g4Up0yZ+OamPi5oov0doU50jK8p3elJAI7R3wYIFI+7Fw0EXmtorx0RSnxQVLbcZ4kl+fzC+YMVLunDwsD4bLG1vrrTyRRlGF5L1Ptq4MuV5ZL48FFyf47LSR91K08qV7toUT2X1UHI5FE8F9IH8UBXhw4oP62uvvZbqtgeXgoGBAWcLlFydBBrTxCoaWOLKlX86EUV5+/fvD9zFEHwizm0PH0i4DK5bt845KIVcVUTFTIEZ8ogn+XE1uU5VTTyB0+7du9WePXsS3fa0i2hWMVsX8WQzgJsZMMKmfqY0erKdJzocxszg4GDg0ukSat9UN/yOTehwTYH7Lt4LuPAewN7OhQsXqiVL+myyiU1TpHhCgdpVO2liLyeZSI/navHixWrcuHFBUBy4y+p9pniP/OUvfzFGP8N79KGHHhoJEHQsaDMmxHFu1qgTgv/k4ZcZvKcbo/uOkC3GcVdXV1ACJvt4z2PCj/bCO8Nm4UcGYon2yYEDB8JxWLQbWRmWJym2XbolbfExaQxiTOvvis141guyJkuMS72rmFZaklzqh2c7TXy65MW02QlQPGVnl3indt1IC/OdtdiiA0a4Tuql3zTaZBIn0XYXHTAC5clN16b6zZx5V7haaUobbYvN5mR9TzRKlsltQpZVhNseA0a4PZF1Fk/ymc0SqjvOOulLPKFuCHijRYCcFMtgGZiEYQEpy9EIRYsnjCS9qJTkzgwBAKsI2vTVV181BOXBPd3d3ZncrzEuYfGCgJCiE8ICojOv663bU1JcaoxB8MMk8syZM0F7tXUE392s7dWu8MhTBkrCeEOf5HEht6VRhnhy3Uep627znMvFXX0f+D344ING0a4XINsh+mfUK8Z2fNhE1bTNi+myE6B4ys4u9k55qrnr5NumKnGhyvXL1keoclfxhDrLF7Frm+NClWtx4CNUOeonBZFpf4cUWiYXv2h/SUGED3iaFc41ZGvR4ikuVDlYYBLCUOWjn8w6iyd5tpOrpRhjHBZgPTF3mVSZ3m+YuM6aNSvw/8fzA8tTT093w23S0p11ElFEqPK4tpkElIkHf29PAmWIpyqS1cLJx/7pKraPdWotAhRPHvtTuhOYJukeiw1De/vYlO4qnqLnZJiixdi027Q51SYPmUa6Y6QFgZD9lyUcd5RFmstjnnO/irA8xTHlIbnJI63O4kme7WS7R1EvckTDpPsUT7ab8aV7rGkvS1wPFnFIbtJIgYDChndbzq7vNqYngVYhwGelVXqyPdpB8eSxn21Pmde+wThs1IfvuZ5M+BBPUTc8kxiS1pakKDuuiPXkztWKlVROdINx0mq7tBqaQtYmlSUngGkCWrvJmSxUceWUIZ7kXjFfm1Pliqovf/Z2PCTX9XmS6eXzanq29X263/B8b968OXhnyYMxkc7GnSet3tEN7KYN5Z2dnUF2qJPrQa9SPPl6x+TpE95LAiRAAiRQLwIUT576S7rCnDt3LnWDr07rawLpqQlhNnJybgrXLS0oPsSb77bo/GxWm7X4TQrjG52ox0UCkmnSQrYuXbo0qFoWZmWIpyL6Qe7X8+XTTvHk1lNZznbC+wqXDBTiegSAqZbyrB2b96LLwabRsvO45prawd9JgARIgARanwDFk4c+lhHqMGG+9dZbE3P98ssvw/0CNpMED9VzzkKGCsXNSRYUORnO4ubmXLEcN8jDiuMCeUhXIBxCt2DB/FGl2Ygn3CQFZVzI1nnz5gX7OrIwi7oGFnVQYw7UibfKPsi6XyWauZx04zfTIaG+2lVHtz05dvK6FfsWT64LAqbQ3En9HD3Tp50OB/Y19pkPCZAACbQ7AYonDyMg66GaSZN0D1XKnQUmuv39/WHEIVPo1rVr12aKfJW7og4ZwKf68ccfD0PYIpTv5MmTg4hX2MthCmtrK550UA+9P0SHDY6GbLWJFobJ3uXLl4OgDfJ+2WwIEYRwvuuuu4I/T5s2rbJ9IYOLZHEHRB9888036uuvvw77TbLQBytPnz5dTZo0Sd10000jUbJuhDD2edVRPPk826nZ4kkuULgsQkl3wzxh2n2OJeZFAiRAAiRQLwIUTx76K+uZCXU4AA4TLog8GfoWyMoM3eqhi8IsdChaeX4MhOE999xjPEfKVjzpwvKEbNV5ZBHmVd7HISe9Wca/a4hd03lbWcdWHcWTPj/Fh2hotniKRqvcunWrGjt2jLE7ZfCYLGHajQUwAQmQAAmQQMsToHhq+S5mA0mgOgQgKB955BH1ww8/KBeLQXVacKMmdRNPec92ivL3LZ6k+6XNIZBShLu4gMpjC0wHgFdtzLE+JEACJEAC1SBA8VSNfmAtSKAtCMClEe50EE82k+S2gFJCI7XFJUt0x7jq+RZPUatu2t41uBT39vaGh6LaBh+R+518WN9K6DYWQQIkQAIkUEECFE8V7BRWiQRamYA8pPTixYuqs3NKKze3Em3TkSRN0TNtK+tbPKFc6f4Mkbdv376RvXyzwypBeO/atUtt27YtFE740daCKV39spwPZcuG6UiABEiABFqbAMVTa/cvW0cClSMgDyP2NZmvXCMrVCEZJMH2bCdT9YsQTxBHCxYsUMPDw2HxsE6OHz9eXbt2LQheA1GFs6awD1MHZLEVT1pAZjkbysSDv5MACZAACbQPAYqn9ulrtpQEKkOgr29JYFnAxb0nxXaLtvRlCY2fVLMixBPKgoDav3+/evXVV8NInxBMXV1dauHCher+++8PIknKwCE2UUvlXjtanYodb8ydBEiABFqdAMVTq/cw20cCFSSA/SezZs0Kzrvi/pPiOkjuMct7tpOsZVHiyYaEDH6B9CbXT3kOn0twCZu6MA0JkAAJkED7EaB4ar8+Z4tJoBIEpDWAYaOL6RIcZL1mzZogQMd3333n7fyvZooneV6VjQuejswHC9bJkye5x66YocZcSYAESKBtCFA8tU1Xs6EkUD0CMngEBZT//tGhuX1b95opnlwOyO3vH1A7d+4MwNq49/nvAeZIAiRAAiTQagQonlqtR9keEqgZAXnGz7PPPqvWr3+yZi2oZnVlYA7fwqFZ4km67MGSdO7cOdXRMWFUByDdqlWrgqASSPfKK6+o+fPnVbOjWCsSIAESIIFaEaB4qlV3sbIk0JoEEBFu5cqVQQhquGK9/PLLavbsWa3Z2JJaJc92unz5sho7doy3kpslnqTVKUloIyS5DmeOPU6Ixtfd3eWt7cyIBEiABEigvQlQPLV3/7P1JFAZAjLS2lNPPUVLQc6emTjxF0FAjg0bNqitW7fWXjzJvU6IHHjkyJHYPVxw1UNo84GBAQrwnGOIt5MACZAACYwmQPHEUUECJEACJOBEIIvlqbd3njp27FhQDixCx44dtS4TgS8ghnDBDe/UqVNqypRfWt/PhCRAAiRAAiTgiwDFky+SzIcESIAE2oSAdgnUzbU5fNdVPGHfEg7G/eMf/xie+QSLEwKLUDi1yUBjM0mABEigggQonirYKawSCZAACVSJACxN33zzjfr666/Ve++9FwRikBesQcuWLVPTp09XkyZNUjfddNOofUa24ilq1dLWptWrVzOYSJUGBetCAiRAAm1KgOKpTTuezSYBEiABWwJjxoy1TRqki3PLsxVPuB9pv/jiC9XV1aUWLlyo5s6d6+2MKqeGMDEJkAAJkAAJRAhQPHFIkAAJkAAJkAAJkAAJkAAJkIAFAYonC0hMQgIkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAIUTxwDJEACJEACJEACJEACJEACJGBBgOLJAhKTkAAJkAAJkAAJkAAJkAAJkADFE8cACZAACZAACZAACZAACZAACVgQoHiygMQkJEACJEACJEACJEACJEACJEDxxDFAAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAhYEKJ4sIDEJCZAACZAACZAACZAACZAACVA8cQyQAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQAAmQgAUBiicLSExCAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAiRAAhRPHAMkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAIkQAIkYEHg/wGbYqtIHiBAGgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" width="483" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">That is, we need to set
the number of images to capture to at least 31.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">It is then a simple
matter to switch the macro lens to its minimum focus, switch on the inbuilt lens light, set the focus bracketing to on, the image count to 35 (adding a few images for insurance) and the step size to 4. Then move the camera so that the
nearest part of the subject was in focus, set exposure, and press the shutter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">After ingesting 35 images into
Lightroom, using LR’s denoise feature (although I did shoot at ISO 100), and a
round trip to a focus stacking app and a little bit of LR tweaking, I ended up with the following test image:</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAOPAjZoC5nSEJCMpX0xa8e1YiPTqkjngVxkvTBdRgTaTDmkjjXBnbDCQcN87xjBpG7KR7h03OQBaNmGbgx-vSsXny-ypZkuAZydLAyx2imHZL8cgcq_KgKteHxsZ2RsHMUbn6XRuJUaSsO8c-8TcRGjzvFuPLDL39h_07T0RGVTdxOUkBWGIXElpCzQP6/s1153/flower.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="1153" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAOPAjZoC5nSEJCMpX0xa8e1YiPTqkjngVxkvTBdRgTaTDmkjjXBnbDCQcN87xjBpG7KR7h03OQBaNmGbgx-vSsXny-ypZkuAZydLAyx2imHZL8cgcq_KgKteHxsZ2RsHMUbn6XRuJUaSsO8c-8TcRGjzvFuPLDL39h_07T0RGVTdxOUkBWGIXElpCzQP6/s320/flower.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">As you can see, I
missed placing the nearest focus, but, overall, I think the above model, the overall
process and the experiment was worth it; as I now have a way of estimating the number of macro images to set.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Using the above equation we can also explore other lenses, for instance I have <span>an</span></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">EF 100mm f/2.8L IS USM macro.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> Keeping the aperture the same as above, but using the 100mm details from P2P, results in the required number of brackets to cover the same 20mm flower being 11, which can be compared to the 31 required with the 28mm macro at the same unity magnification. The model allowing us to see the advantages of using a telephoto 100mm lens, ie pupil magnification of 0.28, rather than a retrofocus 28mm lens with a pupil magnification of 1.9; and exploiting the larger working distance of the 100mm.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bringing this post to a conclusion, I hope the above has been helpful to others trying to get the best out of their in-camera macro focus bracketing.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">As usual I welcome any
comments on this post or any of my posts.</span></p>
Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-66458014175402046392023-10-25T07:16:00.065-07:002024-03-17T00:41:06.437-07:00In-Camera Focus Bracketing Demystified: Part 1<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In this post
I’ll introduce a model for understanding in-camera focus bracketing, and discuss how to ‘calibrate’
your camera’s auto focus bracketing, despite the manufacturer’s opaque
guidance.</span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Like many
photographers I have a camera with in-built focus bracketing. Also, like many
photographers, when I first tried to use the feature in my Canon M6 Mk II, I
was initially confused by the manufacturer’s handbook. Which triggered me to investigate
how Canon had set up the bracketing.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">This in turn
led me to realise that all/most camera manufacturers follow the same approach.
Namely offer the photographer two main controls to drive the in-built focus
bracketing: the step size, usually 1 to 10; and the total number of steps to
take.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">After
looking online, to see what others were saying, I realized that many were
falling into the same trap when trying to interpret the step size. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Namely, they
were trying to understand the focus bracketing from their eye-brain point of
view, ie looking at the bracketing in terms of spatial distances, rather than from the
lens point of view.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">To emphasis
this key point, let’s first remind ourselves what a lens, any lens, ends up doing
when we set focus:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNNJD1evOOdONcGKWrY1lT0LOP6_oaTbcKtjlBq_lXRRNbvYB8IIbJgPlQ3LLuxtMn35f_rQZ4hfpYFAUODZOp70SZrqElzjCNmSFzT4uJuxx_0N_A9qQtK6evxYxxliAgn15Zzlj4Zi1zVdSb7fqbeAVwE08B816NGZfrnz1i8PlWCCJNC5rrL1XnFDYm/s2000/irix_il_11ff_ef_11mm_firefly_lens_for_1325636-373926083.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="2000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNNJD1evOOdONcGKWrY1lT0LOP6_oaTbcKtjlBq_lXRRNbvYB8IIbJgPlQ3LLuxtMn35f_rQZ4hfpYFAUODZOp70SZrqElzjCNmSFzT4uJuxx_0N_A9qQtK6evxYxxliAgn15Zzlj4Zi1zVdSb7fqbeAVwE08B816NGZfrnz1i8PlWCCJNC5rrL1XnFDYm/s320/irix_il_11ff_ef_11mm_firefly_lens_for_1325636-373926083.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In the above
image we see a manual prime lens: in fact my Irix 11mm lens. The key
feature being a depth of field (DoF) scale. Also we see that distances are not
recorded on the lens in a linear fashion, but the DoF scale is. That is, to
manually focus bracket, all we need to do is to rotate the lens by the same DoF amount
indicated by the aperture we are using. Each and every time we focus bracket, irrespective of where we are initially focused.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In a modern
electronic lens, and particularly one being driven during auto focus
bracketing, the lens rotation is achieved by the camera’s stepper motor
(irrespective of the technology or design of the mechanism).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The camera
manufacturer knows the lens characteristics and thus can calculate how many
steps to drive the lens stepper motor to achieve the required rotation for the
selected aperture, focal length and the ‘circle of confusion’, or overlap blur
that has been requested (although, as we will see, we are not directly selecting CoC, but using the step size, 1-10).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Each lens
will have different total steps to go from the minimum focus distance
(MFD) to infinity; and to remove this lens-to-lens complexity, all manufacturers hide the details and simply give the photographer a relative step range of 1 to 10, which
will rotate the lens a certain fraction of the total steps the lens can
achieve.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In Canon cameras
and lenses that can operate with Magic Lantern or CHDK, one can easily find out
the total number of lens steps and thus, via Lua scripting, write scripts to
auto focus bracket in the Camera. For those interested in this approach read
some of my previous posts and/or look at some of my scripts.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">This post,
however, is agnostic regarding manufacturer and does not require ML or CHDK.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Before
moving on, let’s remind ourselves what a typical depth of field looks like, ie the blur vs distance near and far curves. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX-wJdo6uOW1n6HrASoSfJhLjfRMgycOLUQq9c24Z2ARJ1ub9DEwzpxhKapt1fp50QhDOU41ch_xUyPL6gVuejZf-T986PFabIl0sBmD96fcFUsUPriCev-6deUUTHKmrjE8T3BmfO3EK2mDzYhGH1e6TengWJGMTY8-uFMRTytLRggGbZ9uaxbWT7ly8u/s1860/Capture.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="904" data-original-width="1860" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX-wJdo6uOW1n6HrASoSfJhLjfRMgycOLUQq9c24Z2ARJ1ub9DEwzpxhKapt1fp50QhDOU41ch_xUyPL6gVuejZf-T986PFabIl0sBmD96fcFUsUPriCev-6deUUTHKmrjE8T3BmfO3EK2mDzYhGH1e6TengWJGMTY8-uFMRTytLRggGbZ9uaxbWT7ly8u/s320/Capture.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">By definition
the DoF is defined as the distance between a near and far distance, where the optical
defocus blur meets a specified criterion. As photographers we call this criterion the ‘circle
of confusion’; and for a full frame format a blur of 30 microns is a typically
quoted number. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The value of the CoC being adjusted for other formats according to the
crop factor, eg on my Canon M6 MkII the crop factor is 1.6, the blur decreases
to 30/1.6, which is 18.75 micron, which usually gets stated as 19 microns.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">But note, best practice is to choose a blur that not only reflects your sensor format or crop, but also the viewing distance of a print etc. But for this post, we'll assume a standard value of 30 micron for a full frame. <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">One useful distance to know is the hyperfocal (H), which is simply the focus distance
at which the far depth of field is at ‘infinity’. At this point the near DoF is
H/2:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghstBQqgH2k_PkyNB5veYrGAw1fF8tRCBUD68htS5Wyq9IhMFsy_agEw52792yMSOfV9W4y1YzxlqBM4EFh0JL9Vmm-hgyCTVpXF8862uzNkk0GLX2kPWIFl23kdeGJ36gdLnjyukZ5f1UGEYFSv0d4t8qhhYgpDdvfmgOZwLLIqQWEVET52d5G10TmpeB/s1830/Capture%201.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="1830" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghstBQqgH2k_PkyNB5veYrGAw1fF8tRCBUD68htS5Wyq9IhMFsy_agEw52792yMSOfV9W4y1YzxlqBM4EFh0JL9Vmm-hgyCTVpXF8862uzNkk0GLX2kPWIFl23kdeGJ36gdLnjyukZ5f1UGEYFSv0d4t8qhhYgpDdvfmgOZwLLIqQWEVET52d5G10TmpeB/s320/Capture%201.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The hyperfocal
distance being:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxSKaMWikDRNyRJCMfaoM2Ne_2BX7w5nkJII-doNIMHnIbXJXnD4hCpDpAKchE7oURHeTOjY4-3Ls-1L7QoVx2ROmGKYXQqeQ0DLRANAIVqnVZiV8CO0ZBjuk_vLukGeJntYdFwNMrZ381X6108sTdN-N1qT3nZVp58HIye0ZPXR2pW-t_cwYVBuXmsiLL/s300/Capture2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="175" data-original-width="300" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxSKaMWikDRNyRJCMfaoM2Ne_2BX7w5nkJII-doNIMHnIbXJXnD4hCpDpAKchE7oURHeTOjY4-3Ls-1L7QoVx2ROmGKYXQqeQ0DLRANAIVqnVZiV8CO0ZBjuk_vLukGeJntYdFwNMrZ381X6108sTdN-N1qT3nZVp58HIye0ZPXR2pW-t_cwYVBuXmsiLL/w150-h88/Capture2.JPG" width="150" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Which, for
our purposes in this post, we will simplify by dropping the f term at the end.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Although we
are not modelling a macro capture, we are covering a deep focus field, ie in
the extreme case the MFD to infinity, and thus we need to recognize where H is
referenced from.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Without regurgitating
previous posts, the hyperfocal is in fact measured from the entrance pupil of
the lens. For those that are interested, here is a reminder of how we can model
any lens, using a so-called thick lens representation:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijrXlwE45CB-0qv0_FnDOJTXv9i9CX286nJ7CR4dAWJmjLS1fmxnkkLQkwFDwZNmK3t8Ls3O82z6bII0cmd9eWnjg3MlXK9S0Wb0NZpO6b7qUCwSknM52WCOZIOLZfoq5WKxKpyOcs0xcrgsAENrVyJORuJeXbyfSk8nS-sfWvcq6FsLYuC2X69iLVz27Q/s3035/Picturey.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2480" data-original-width="3035" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijrXlwE45CB-0qv0_FnDOJTXv9i9CX286nJ7CR4dAWJmjLS1fmxnkkLQkwFDwZNmK3t8Ls3O82z6bII0cmd9eWnjg3MlXK9S0Wb0NZpO6b7qUCwSknM52WCOZIOLZfoq5WKxKpyOcs0xcrgsAENrVyJORuJeXbyfSk8nS-sfWvcq6FsLYuC2X69iLVz27Q/s320/Picturey.png" width="320" /></a></div></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In the above, lower right, we also see how a manual lens depth of field scale is created.<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">To simplify things we will assume all distances are taken from the entrance pupil, that is we will assume a pupil magnification of unity.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">To find the entrance
pupil, if your lens is registered, it is a simply matter to look on the
PhotonToPhotos website’s Optical Bench <a href="https://www.photonstophotos.net/GeneralTopics/Lenses/OpticalBench/OpticalBenchHub.htm" target="_blank">Hub</a>. As an example, here is the
lens model for my Canon EF-M 11-22mm at 11mm:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0v0aXrYbZTV19Z-lPj-ne2mDsA7Lu1ypHpuEv6m9a4-OUg6Ac6i47WMYqujjlD8KlG-BsdGRpsAOZBoDIw22i3B9a7OnAn0-LFlu3F_SolZQMxZmDs_ddeLoNnV8A3jxwSkZPHyMXLdc2VfbWDorAAT75TaVWdnxmg2Oq0r9kObD7rpZLf1QVGvfYAEA/s1668/IMG_9260.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1113" data-original-width="1668" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0v0aXrYbZTV19Z-lPj-ne2mDsA7Lu1ypHpuEv6m9a4-OUg6Ac6i47WMYqujjlD8KlG-BsdGRpsAOZBoDIw22i3B9a7OnAn0-LFlu3F_SolZQMxZmDs_ddeLoNnV8A3jxwSkZPHyMXLdc2VfbWDorAAT75TaVWdnxmg2Oq0r9kObD7rpZLf1QVGvfYAEA/s320/IMG_9260.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">From the hub we see
the entrance pupil (P) is positioned at about 77mm from the image plane of the
camera, ie the hyperfocal is measured from 77mm in front of the image plane of
the camera. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In this post we pragmatically
use the entrance pupil as our zero for the hyperfocal and all distance
measurements (strictly distances are measured from the front principal); as
this can be simply estimated in the field by finding the no parallax location.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The next
step is to construct a simplified </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">focus bracketing model</span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">, ie good enough for pragmatic photographers such as myself. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Also, as we
have said above, in this post we are addressing deep focus bracketing, ie not macro
focus bracketing. The extreme use case is thus to focus bracket from the minimum
point of focus to infinity.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Without
proof and using the short form of the hyperfocal, ie ignoring the focal length
term, we can use the following focus bracketing model:</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmIm2vherYrouQqP-xuF0Tr23wlbOY6BO4cn6EuF-7i1sbGKD2uH3yHGhYkE970QnbWASurAfyM9QLnB-7BEZXRtH79LXaP05hTJ6J2qnSDNWLGG9pwKcdu19ItJtXpiWlFFppZHXqFnTv-s31jzPpl84s_E6-5Oh7UGEimgSulhKlTyjzNofZLwr_KvkR/s1453/Capture4.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="868" data-original-width="1453" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmIm2vherYrouQqP-xuF0Tr23wlbOY6BO4cn6EuF-7i1sbGKD2uH3yHGhYkE970QnbWASurAfyM9QLnB-7BEZXRtH79LXaP05hTJ6J2qnSDNWLGG9pwKcdu19ItJtXpiWlFFppZHXqFnTv-s31jzPpl84s_E6-5Oh7UGEimgSulhKlTyjzNofZLwr_KvkR/s320/Capture4.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In the above
we see the simplicity of hyperfocal-based focus bracketing; that is simply repeatedly rotating the lens by the same amount each time, as indicated by the required depth of field, either manually or automatically.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">For
completeness our integrated model now looks like this:</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQc4NHYl0AoOOOHYVdOW22Qm-EmRE-CEC1sExETLk0xUfijP_zAUt0BmZrp5HaVI6fbjJemMmdPqlgTh-cmK9sawm739qgm9A18XnkodrH_bj8eHapPjyE2DeOOFrAoyCHkjp_Tihz0BUhyphenhyphen38ngGA5rS0MfA5yiGrw38CTelWBv39xlK9V26QKnVWuLDkn/s2038/Capture5.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="2038" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQc4NHYl0AoOOOHYVdOW22Qm-EmRE-CEC1sExETLk0xUfijP_zAUt0BmZrp5HaVI6fbjJemMmdPqlgTh-cmK9sawm739qgm9A18XnkodrH_bj8eHapPjyE2DeOOFrAoyCHkjp_Tihz0BUhyphenhyphen38ngGA5rS0MfA5yiGrw38CTelWBv39xlK9V26QKnVWuLDkn/w320-h122/Capture5.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">As a final reminder of why we shouldn’t focus bracket from a distance perspective, here is a view of bracketing </span><span style="font-family: arial;">down from the hyperfocal, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">with a 22mm lens set at an aperture of f/8, created with the Focus Simulator on the right, showing the non linear focusing that results if we think in terms of distances, rather than in terms of lens DoF rotations or steps:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP3bWsB3KwUEHQU0VIuli39RIXt3j4WnUxaU7zM_woG4u5dvOIDEVgqkMekkZf2lYTlTBdtzYqd0BQpknOcxu_lwmQUHvEdqNDGH7RCc0xPgQzckvgWiv8U_-33z8mfxJuWgJ9CN15Q-h039SMTEGMrVEJywdecDVdSQXD0geeQGEWLs0b69suiaa4ME03/s2146/IMG_9338.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1073" data-original-width="2146" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP3bWsB3KwUEHQU0VIuli39RIXt3j4WnUxaU7zM_woG4u5dvOIDEVgqkMekkZf2lYTlTBdtzYqd0BQpknOcxu_lwmQUHvEdqNDGH7RCc0xPgQzckvgWiv8U_-33z8mfxJuWgJ9CN15Q-h039SMTEGMrVEJywdecDVdSQXD0geeQGEWLs0b69suiaa4ME03/s320/IMG_9338.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">In the above, showing four hyperfocal brackets, we can see that by choosing a non optimal overlap blur we either create a focus gap or an overly large focus overlap. As we selected an overlap blur criterion of 20 microns, ie a CoC of 20 microns, if we look at a blur of 30 microns, green dot, we see ’excessive’ overlap through the scene, whereas if we look along the 10 micron line, red dot, we clearly see where the focus gaps are.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">In the above we also see that as you approach the MFD, and certainly when you are macro focus bracketing, the ratio of the near/far depth of field approaches unity, ie the DoFs are the same. Whereas as you approach the hyperfocal you clearly have more far depth of field than near depth of field. </span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">All we need
to do now is to use the following equation:</span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbhTwJgWdY2krWVVtjdSo_r9VQ9agRjwd4_rWngaEl6_NylvBZmKEZUA7L7p6T8f7yWK_NqDI_vGlKuW9Fd7CLhOIt-0SBeRp07k-Eu4e0PJ10k4qdbmcdcL_7nCCFAJBrgRoTtYxDdCyStcXc_sRU9hteADTpu36An9P4VvtOapRb5ca_w4WnNC1OIg1/s351/Capture6.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="191" data-original-width="351" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbhTwJgWdY2krWVVtjdSo_r9VQ9agRjwd4_rWngaEl6_NylvBZmKEZUA7L7p6T8f7yWK_NqDI_vGlKuW9Fd7CLhOIt-0SBeRp07k-Eu4e0PJ10k4qdbmcdcL_7nCCFAJBrgRoTtYxDdCyStcXc_sRU9hteADTpu36An9P4VvtOapRb5ca_w4WnNC1OIg1/w162-h88/Capture6.JPG" width="162" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Where x is
the distance from the ‘lens’, ie the entrance pupil, to the nearest point of
focus, H is the hyperfocal distance and n is the nth bracket <u style="font-weight: bold;">from</u> the
hyperfocal.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Which results
in the following two useful forms, noting that B (the number of total brackets captured by the camera when auto focus bracketing)
is n+1, ie the number of brackets to get to the hyperfocal plus one at infinity:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqeCE2uHvWTybUTwVCKliMuoMsrhvFOUBjWU_Q9ADKs1NbJQszcsZATFMsYALICInx6sUdyko_NmKxIJG8uMHxVkZV1dLbjjxplzWTxjho5bgGPr0yBS7r0kMolHzqH9HsfFhHa9xKxy0wHGMLQK806VbNfbTBcCeeFFhPeVih7ZGkfLdxBcQfq1vmmF4d/s329/Capture8.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="138" data-original-width="329" height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqeCE2uHvWTybUTwVCKliMuoMsrhvFOUBjWU_Q9ADKs1NbJQszcsZATFMsYALICInx6sUdyko_NmKxIJG8uMHxVkZV1dLbjjxplzWTxjho5bgGPr0yBS7r0kMolHzqH9HsfFhHa9xKxy0wHGMLQK806VbNfbTBcCeeFFhPeVih7ZGkfLdxBcQfq1vmmF4d/w180-h75/Capture8.JPG" width="180" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVhyysZ7XQiZDO4PaT4jdwlcl-F1tQwPtcyhcqbYxZFSL-dmULDWoyLxTRAKOg-HaBeUOyagl1ehjtzI6wwtb37qRA2H19W99UKHEQ6j8jVfjNT7RwFOaOX95SWCPx2Dr0_DQ4r3_GQQzldniGmcD9IBZwavqrBvjI_f67rH1IrdU7n2_pdK6MXy8XO74B/s415/Capture7.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="415" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVhyysZ7XQiZDO4PaT4jdwlcl-F1tQwPtcyhcqbYxZFSL-dmULDWoyLxTRAKOg-HaBeUOyagl1ehjtzI6wwtb37qRA2H19W99UKHEQ6j8jVfjNT7RwFOaOX95SWCPx2Dr0_DQ4r3_GQQzldniGmcD9IBZwavqrBvjI_f67rH1IrdU7n2_pdK6MXy8XO74B/w203-h84/Capture7.JPG" width="203" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">To estimate
the CoC for a given step size we use the second equation for C:</span></span></span></div><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">set your lens to the desired focal length,
aperture, and to the minimum focus distance</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">enable bracketing, set the number of
images to capture to a large number, eg 100, and the step size to whatever you wish, say the default 4 </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">capture the focus bracket set</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">note the number of brackets (B)
captured.</span></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">It is then a
simple matter to put the numbers into the equation to estimate the
value of</span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> the CoC (C) </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> in microns at the selected step size.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">As an
example, I set my 11-22mm to 22mm, an N of 5.6, and used the manufacturer’s MFD
of 150mm (from the image plane), from which I subtracted 77mm, ie the distance
from the image plane to the entrance pupil, and used a value of B of 33, ie 33
images were captured.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">This gave me
an estimated overlap blur (CoC) of about 9 micron using a step size of 4, which we can compare with the ‘just
acceptable’ CoC of about 19 micron. That is about half and, relative to the sensor pitch, not an unreasonable overlap blur to use.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">By repeating
the above for all the other step values between 1 and 10, I arrived at the
following CoC vs step size plot for focus bracketing on the M6 Mk II:</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtmRvuOIhyphenhyphenynlep1BHZYsdJ2SAyQcYvahKXdKUvBQ2blbiCcwBwrF6jny5BePOy60No5qPXXCCysRL66PL9xNfW0n49TjDw_xYSlWUNfCJ7vygHE9KNtBuqBOEVNCy_Z9bYBig5neLHHyQ_kgIqBFJgH3ScXRznlBOuOA3sudDHOH6WR55nhDapzAw1HZW/s1250/IMG_9256.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="1250" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtmRvuOIhyphenhyphenynlep1BHZYsdJ2SAyQcYvahKXdKUvBQ2blbiCcwBwrF6jny5BePOy60No5qPXXCCysRL66PL9xNfW0n49TjDw_xYSlWUNfCJ7vygHE9KNtBuqBOEVNCy_Z9bYBig5neLHHyQ_kgIqBFJgH3ScXRznlBOuOA3sudDHOH6WR55nhDapzAw1HZW/s320/IMG_9256.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Where the overlap blur, ie the hyperfocal CoC (C) we are using, vs step size n, may be estimated as:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUmaxiKmUmK4rt6ycaNKIA3SRvjKto8P5iIDjbQ1nJzl2jqz3B5-NufU6a-u_K2r6dq3mJ7-1TYleXe7fp9s_SUDt-73Rr7yXgHbON6S83-CqJ33fGK09yKr_XjbGOHpHMr3B0JP-ooAo-h_a9iwdWqnJrYNMg3vlN5vV35xhLoRC5MIv8HL6LsT8nKh95/s1041/IMG_9259.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="173" data-original-width="1041" height="38" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUmaxiKmUmK4rt6ycaNKIA3SRvjKto8P5iIDjbQ1nJzl2jqz3B5-NufU6a-u_K2r6dq3mJ7-1TYleXe7fp9s_SUDt-73Rr7yXgHbON6S83-CqJ33fGK09yKr_XjbGOHpHMr3B0JP-ooAo-h_a9iwdWqnJrYNMg3vlN5vV35xhLoRC5MIv8HL6LsT8nKh95/w228-h38/IMG_9259.jpeg" width="228" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The above
tells me that if I use a step size of around 7 on the M6 MkII I will be focus bracketing using
an overlap CoC that is ‘just acceptable’, ie around 19 microns. On the other
hand, if I wish to increase the ‘quality’ of the focus bracket set, ie have a
lower overlap blur, I would use a step size of, say, 4, ie around 10 microns.<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The other
equation above, that estimates the number of brackets (B), can be used by plugging
in the values for f, N, C and the focus distance from our lens zero, ie assumed as the entrance
pupil, to the nearest point of focus.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Summing up the
above we can note that:</span></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">When using the in-camera auto focus bracketing feature,
'think' like the lens, ie in terms of depths of field and lens
rotation. Never worry about distances;</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Assume the ‘normal’ CoC value is represented by a step size of 7, ie a CoC
focus overlap value of around 19 microns. Note this is based on the Canon M6 Mk II, you will need to validate this step size for your camera, ie find the step size that generates the normal (30/crop) CoC value;</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">To achieve a higher quality focus
bracket set, simply use a smaller step size of, say, 4, which will focus bracket at a lower overlap blur. But note that using a smaller step size will create larger bracket sets (use the B formula above to estimate the number of brackets that will likely be required). Plus there is a sensible point below which smaller overlap blurs are not gaining you much, say twice your sensor pitch. Hence, I personally tend to always use a step size of 4, which works for my wide angle, deep focus bracketing. </span></span></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">For the Canon M6 MkII you </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">should find the above guidance,
eg use a step size between 7 to 4, will cover all deep focus bracketing needs,
ie bracketing from a near point of focus to infinity, with a just acceptable overlap blur, down to one at around 10 microns, irrespective of the lens, ie it will good for all lenses that work with the focus bracketing. </span></span><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">I also believe the above to be generic for all manufacturers, but would welcome hearing about any major differences.</span></span><div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Although you can focus bracket at any focal length, you should consider limiting your deep focus bracketing to wide angle lenses, the following illustrative plot shows the number of brackets as we vary the overlap blur between 10 and 20 microns, ie the CoC, and the focal length between 11mm and 105mm; at an aperture of f/8 and with a minimum focus distance from the entrance pupil of 80mm:</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY9x7PuQsIle9eBR-b76LrXIbwX5xsnyuJgRRs4aYNSw94oL1H6902KHU-uvMwVJuGb9P3tnqR7slER9eiLh0KuJLZpPHj8urp9hSecekH60iQvG19CT5OUaO5nZocsk3Kc3VUBwsRjR2kNABmHVzi7Hm80bD9MUDPwJUAO3JoMJMBe7Ba5nYDLKrw524n/s1616/IMG_9268.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1157" data-original-width="1616" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY9x7PuQsIle9eBR-b76LrXIbwX5xsnyuJgRRs4aYNSw94oL1H6902KHU-uvMwVJuGb9P3tnqR7slER9eiLh0KuJLZpPHj8urp9hSecekH60iQvG19CT5OUaO5nZocsk3Kc3VUBwsRjR2kNABmHVzi7Hm80bD9MUDPwJUAO3JoMJMBe7Ba5nYDLKrw524n/s320/IMG_9268.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">As a final thought, it is important to note that when an electronic lens is auto or manually focused it will
exhibit a ‘soft stop’ at the MFD, ie you can’t focus nearer than the MFD,
despite being able to manually turn the focusing ring. However, the same is not
usually true at infinity, ie the lens is able to step beyond optical infinity, ie potentially generating a defocused image.</span></div></div><div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Thus, as insurance,
you may wish to consider taking a manual infinity shot in addition to the auto focus
bracket set, ie an image focused by you. I use the following work flow:</span></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Switch bracketing on (which
stays on in the M6 MkII until it is switched off) </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;">and set the number of images
to, say, 100, and the step size to 4 (in fact I leave mine on 4 all the time,
as this is like using an overlap CoC of around 9 microns);</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">If your camera has an electronic shutter consider using this for focus bracketing;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">Assuming you are on a tripod, switch off any image stabilisation;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Manually </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">focus </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">at ‘infinity’, ie use
the 10x focus zoom to ensure infinity is captured;</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Press the shutter and take a focus
bracket set, ie at infinity, which will result in a single image;<br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Refocus on the nearest point of
interest, or simply focus at the MFD;</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Press the shutter to take the main
focus bracket set for this image set.</span></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Using the
above will ensure you have optimally captured all your focus bracket set, ie a
perfect infinity capture and a high quality (overlap) focus bracket set.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">As this has
been a rather long post, I will stop here and say that, as usual, I welcome any
comments on this post or any of my posts.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span> </span></span></span></p>
<p></p><br /></div></div>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-6599484133405578712023-10-01T05:27:00.006-07:002023-10-01T22:59:28.531-07:00Dungeness Field Trip<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">The other week
I was fortunate to be able to visit Dungeness with my camera club. The reason I
say fortunate is that I was with 11 other photographers, and we all had the
same environment in front of us, but all of us had our own vision of the place!</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">For those
that don’t know Dungeness it is one of the largest expanses of shingle in Europe,
which means after seven hours walking about, your legs and knees know you’ve
visited Dungeness!</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Over the
years, there have been seven lighthouses at Dungeness, five high and two low,
with the fifth high one still fully operational today.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">There are
two nuclear power stations at Dungeness, identified as "A" and
"B", the first built in 1965 and the second in 1983. They are within
a wildlife sanctuary designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and
birds flourish in the warmer water created by the station's outflow; but none seem
to be glowing ;-)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">In addition
to the power station and lighthouse, there is a collection of dwellings. Most
are wooden weatherboard beach houses, but there are also around 30 houses
converted from old railway coaches in the 1920s. These houses are owned and
occupied by fishermen whose boats lie on the beach. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">One notable
house is Prospect Cottage, formerly owned by the late artist and film director
Derek Jarman. The garden, reflecting the bleak, windswept landscape of the
peninsula is made of pebbles, driftwood, scrap metal and a few hardy plants. The
cottage is painted black, with a poem, part of John Donne's "The Sunne
Rising", written on one side in black lettering:</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Busy old fool, unruly Sun,</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Why dost thou thus,</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Through windows, and through curtains, call on
us ?</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Must to thy motions lovers' seasons run ?</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Saucy pedantic wretch, go chide</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Late school-boys and sour prentices,</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Go tell court-huntsmen that the king will ride,</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Call country ants to harvest offices ;</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime,</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of
time.</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">In that the world's contracted thus ;</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Thine age asks ease, and since thy duties be</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">To warm the world, that's done in warming us.</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere ;</span></i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">This bed thy center is, these walls thy sphere</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">In other words,
it’s an unusual place: bleak, but beautiful.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">As we were
going to be at Dungeness that day, I had decided to focus on mainly using my IR
XPan (bracketing) emulation set up: although I also had my EoS M3 visible camera,
with my Lua focus bracketing script for deep focus captures; and my Canon M10
IR camera.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">In the
first image, taken with my XPan emulation set up, using my Mamiya 35mm 645 lens,
I tried to capture the bleakness and vastness of the Dungeness environment, and, of course, the Sea Kale. The
captured (stitched) image was composed of 12 EoS M images, resulting in a ‘digital
negative’ of 19586x7721. I then cropped in to a 617 format at 12123x4279 pixels:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFqsQhNkM8H6d2yRjoB-UykPWxBeRCtaHVuX2fBn5w6IWVx31JNbx_0YNd3_Cj1K3Pi4q2weq61aWBDB9EudD2M6sD7LXOMG2KOvoUwwL8_jexsvlwh3gLcDGLjzxsjndnK1iNGOjSdS3W9IXh3IVWO1hOKvPA01Ga0njFXNEsl8pW0lrwdj-yYEKRA262/s14318/D1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5053" data-original-width="14318" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFqsQhNkM8H6d2yRjoB-UykPWxBeRCtaHVuX2fBn5w6IWVx31JNbx_0YNd3_Cj1K3Pi4q2weq61aWBDB9EudD2M6sD7LXOMG2KOvoUwwL8_jexsvlwh3gLcDGLjzxsjndnK1iNGOjSdS3W9IXh3IVWO1hOKvPA01Ga0njFXNEsl8pW0lrwdj-yYEKRA262/s320/D1.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">The second
image, of Prospect Cottage, was captured in a single IR converted Canon M10
image. BTW I get all my conversion carried out by <a href="http://www.infraredcameraconversions.co.uk" target="_blank">Alan Burch</a>.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNqc7wajqNFOGXxWgbo5TqX9ZCEwQgVr_2Tag4fEU33CJKxBzwZ8drXr2L6j93UyFn3DLyhwzol0YiDjDrkTiDsqS32pY3_UmQbdQgKP3TDmtFnxaEL7bRCMbf46NSZbXW4HPRxTOJFLrR8YviGYKXTFzJYmHFaVaprmC1IR4VbSp631hf2CqDLogx03zn/s4081/D2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2770" data-original-width="4081" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNqc7wajqNFOGXxWgbo5TqX9ZCEwQgVr_2Tag4fEU33CJKxBzwZ8drXr2L6j93UyFn3DLyhwzol0YiDjDrkTiDsqS32pY3_UmQbdQgKP3TDmtFnxaEL7bRCMbf46NSZbXW4HPRxTOJFLrR8YviGYKXTFzJYmHFaVaprmC1IR4VbSp631hf2CqDLogx03zn/s320/D2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Finally, an
image taken with my EoS M3 running my LBS script, that allows me to auto capture deep focus, multi exposure, brackets:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFnQ2XoDNWRk6VvJt6cxKip3q7wfgxoAe60VUD3-TI23DIXTAh2bYuWYh4OWADa-qPvlzI89oTCqqJUS5dGUCzjGbtSZNvX9dAL3r4DKWojPV68A5elASyToW2pV6oX-BQvz50JhDYN7oUjGvqHI2KnbzBaNSZfCsNXI4GvISAWifDUVhvVRW_9jYOru7j/s4229/IMG_7282-2-2-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3258" data-original-width="4229" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFnQ2XoDNWRk6VvJt6cxKip3q7wfgxoAe60VUD3-TI23DIXTAh2bYuWYh4OWADa-qPvlzI89oTCqqJUS5dGUCzjGbtSZNvX9dAL3r4DKWojPV68A5elASyToW2pV6oX-BQvz50JhDYN7oUjGvqHI2KnbzBaNSZfCsNXI4GvISAWifDUVhvVRW_9jYOru7j/s320/IMG_7282-2-2-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Bottom
line: For those that haven’t visited Dungeness I can recommend it as a ‘good
day out’, especially if you are fortunate enough to be with a great group of
photographers, as I was.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">As usual I
welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-8466905749556032132023-09-09T04:03:00.006-07:002023-09-16T23:56:06.712-07:00Latest XPan Emulation Experiment<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this short post I'll show how I've adapted my IR converted Canon M10, with its 4.29 micron pixel pitch, using a 35mm Mamiya 645 lens, coupled to a 645-EF adapter, coupled to an </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">EOS EF to M RhinoCam Vertex Rotating Stitching Adapter.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">At 35mm, a suitable rotation is 30 degrees. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">After taking 12 images, four for the Vertex, at three angular offsets, I end up with a near perfect XPan 617 image after Lightroom stitching, using the cylindrical projection.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The resultant, B&W processed, image is 18468 x 6518, ie an emulated digital XPan ’negative’ of 79mm x 28mm. That is slightly bigger than the XPan ;-)<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The screen grab looks like this:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjDhWrFTWx-1MWiGqCHgu3-W7T4QtoMeEOHhUWC3vq6qIntRmuXg5VRUC1chHMaCcPGFEM0M8UcQutBEqjs5NW6cdFmLudSsbY53vMkwtiq5OxqpkGlCr2sAc5axmDT6XkWyX1RIZ2cGXJ7FippdEaxF6gELIiqoRc2d1MrHzatOlQkQJQ0arQF7rJppXQ/s3732/Screenshot%202023-09-09%20120126.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1315" data-original-width="3732" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjDhWrFTWx-1MWiGqCHgu3-W7T4QtoMeEOHhUWC3vq6qIntRmuXg5VRUC1chHMaCcPGFEM0M8UcQutBEqjs5NW6cdFmLudSsbY53vMkwtiq5OxqpkGlCr2sAc5axmDT6XkWyX1RIZ2cGXJ7FippdEaxF6gELIiqoRc2d1MrHzatOlQkQJQ0arQF7rJppXQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-09-09%20120126.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-73827869515921268732023-09-07T07:47:00.005-07:002023-09-08T01:12:00.758-07:00Do we still need to exposure bracket?<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Today's post processing engines and tools have incredible capability. In addition, using Lightroom as a hub, it's relatively easy to pop in and out of various software packages.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">This software capability got me thinking: namely, whereas in the past I would exposure bracket a high DR scene, today an ETTR capture is likely to cover all my needs - at least for digital showing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As an example, here is a handheld test image, of a high DR scene, taken with my EOS M3. Shot with UniWB, hence the green cast, at 11mm, with my trusty 11-22mm lens, at f/5.6, ISO 100 and 1/100s.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghrW2wwm7patPhrZM6hmOL6gwhWLDWU3K2JdGwkrQo4bFYIAPRU36v5NIjazdkvmvHwGmCbPy-ntOkJ2F-fGaNaLuUhcbVBrv_Rxnf0S20o6P2jM-W8gQ9CFNw2EnZHeodRmayf4lRFvJPjvtNuE_1JgMd8Kxos24V0IDO3LQHPX7yKcGpnTtQDrXPagIC/s6000/IMG_1733.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6000" data-original-width="4000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghrW2wwm7patPhrZM6hmOL6gwhWLDWU3K2JdGwkrQo4bFYIAPRU36v5NIjazdkvmvHwGmCbPy-ntOkJ2F-fGaNaLuUhcbVBrv_Rxnf0S20o6P2jM-W8gQ9CFNw2EnZHeodRmayf4lRFvJPjvtNuE_1JgMd8Kxos24V0IDO3LQHPX7yKcGpnTtQDrXPagIC/s320/IMG_1733.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The Lightroom histogram of the RAW capture looked like this:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ehw8KESDoTc1A6pDmqXBNNiSYOQ9kjugb1p0ZUcAzgkDo-J229kZrq9njKYu4XyDqLadWOIzKBvZ3qcV5I14_XnGpIYjZOzjfN3ulb0_J3eMHRazwKMV18lkPzM6vw2zM8g6RLXWwvHZvklwIQ8K0GwWrLNPvYPElCI51C-KRj3DTBaiblEuUDeEd4Dv/s550/Screenshot%202023-09-07%20151012.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="550" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ehw8KESDoTc1A6pDmqXBNNiSYOQ9kjugb1p0ZUcAzgkDo-J229kZrq9njKYu4XyDqLadWOIzKBvZ3qcV5I14_XnGpIYjZOzjfN3ulb0_J3eMHRazwKMV18lkPzM6vw2zM8g6RLXWwvHZvklwIQ8K0GwWrLNPvYPElCI51C-KRj3DTBaiblEuUDeEd4Dv/s320/Screenshot%202023-09-07%20151012.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As we can see, I ETTRed for the highlights.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">My usual, CHDK based, in field workflow when handholding is to also take a +4Ev (insurance) ISO shot, via one of my Lua scripts - just in case I need some help in the deep shadows:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfcPPYy-vtqTUF3e1toFAwCONPT3X6UEaLrRlvY6B3S9BDTYk-zBnvO22eIQUDY294StuPAZpNquJVbIsweXG9YRaCepTmRlJUrq2qLk1PtpOmE2KXG_sIDTNR8t4TcMqp1n-DhnuSDmu4wHP-IIvX0UqenImSMn5M3MSBy6Tu0VkKrur5k_cJfYSUZ0j/s6000/IMG_1734.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6000" data-original-width="4000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfcPPYy-vtqTUF3e1toFAwCONPT3X6UEaLrRlvY6B3S9BDTYk-zBnvO22eIQUDY294StuPAZpNquJVbIsweXG9YRaCepTmRlJUrq2qLk1PtpOmE2KXG_sIDTNR8t4TcMqp1n-DhnuSDmu4wHP-IIvX0UqenImSMn5M3MSBy6Tu0VkKrur5k_cJfYSUZ0j/s320/IMG_1734.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I then used a linear profile, together with a Lightroom preset I've developed, on both ISO images.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">After a bit of tweaking and using some third-pary apps, eg Radiant Photo, I ended up with this, made from the ISO 100 capture, that is I didn’t need to cash in my ISO insurance:<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk4RrfsM4M2H3SO99Hx_aR9QrflIhS75zYb6u7UpJRFgkiZQ3o7ZqChd0sHAQ0UZq8Dpefc7r5ak1nnWbWTtRVvMDc9mQY77Q9Kq_PfevUAMOlDdC3YzDQpX_SR6KZyqmyafy91OouT56IpabRWyWugZ1ZyhJTjiQbk7l0ms08OzWuOJbM6dmFCgubtu1w/s5729/IMG_1733-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5729" data-original-width="4000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk4RrfsM4M2H3SO99Hx_aR9QrflIhS75zYb6u7UpJRFgkiZQ3o7ZqChd0sHAQ0UZq8Dpefc7r5ak1nnWbWTtRVvMDc9mQY77Q9Kq_PfevUAMOlDdC3YzDQpX_SR6KZyqmyafy91OouT56IpabRWyWugZ1ZyhJTjiQbk7l0ms08OzWuOJbM6dmFCgubtu1w/s320/IMG_1733-2.jpg" width="223" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The bottom line being, I've convinced myself that for <u>handheld</u> captures, at least for digital showing, I don't need to bracket beyond one additional +4Ev (insurance) ISO capture.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-24076880284572780342023-09-01T08:45:00.020-07:002023-09-04T13:22:33.817-07:00Digitally emulating a 30mm Hasselblad XPan<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> met up with a good photography friend this last week and was suitably envious when he brought out his 'new' XPan (Mk1) system, in near mint condition, that he had just purchased with a full set of lenses (this picture is not of his kit).</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJAJPPZ_KxM2Vi6T1FM25NNFfeH-O9tKeip0IvLcwphL6W2INSU_tmKlZnxjV8VtQb4dokVOoXphMzkBbUGnm1K9Ee9GhAiDoRH1sH8v0BIhn1YFmSR9zji441zmwj6C8jjdiLcJQAnmd3zqf52-WtQh1w5CtTh_wHHIoVmLTe7TB_F-VRcsplLxvmqXf3/s480/hasselblad-xpan-camera-in-bag-400x406.jpg.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="473" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJAJPPZ_KxM2Vi6T1FM25NNFfeH-O9tKeip0IvLcwphL6W2INSU_tmKlZnxjV8VtQb4dokVOoXphMzkBbUGnm1K9Ee9GhAiDoRH1sH8v0BIhn1YFmSR9zji441zmwj6C8jjdiLcJQAnmd3zqf52-WtQh1w5CtTh_wHHIoVmLTe7TB_F-VRcsplLxvmqXf3/s320/hasselblad-xpan-camera-in-bag-400x406.jpg.webp" width="315" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As I can't justify the cost, some 6-8,000 pounds, purchasing such a camera system, and don't shoot film; I thought I would see how I could digitally emulate his XPan, fitted with the widest XPan lens, a 30mm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As it would be near impossible to fully emulate the XPan, I decided to focus on two attributes:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Getting close to the image size of 65mm x 24mm</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Getting close to the Angular Field of View at infinity, which is around 94 degrees, horizontally, using a 30mm XPan lens</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As I also wanted to create something different, I decided to use the EOS M mount as my digital back, as I have full spectrum, visible and IR M mount cameras: several Ms, an M10 and an M100. All my M mount cameras are converted by <a href="https://www.infraredcameraconversions.co.uk/Contact" target="_blank">Alan Burch</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">My starting point is an EOS EF to M RhinoCam Vertex Rotating Stitching Adapter, which allows me to create a 7780 pixel square, stitched, 'quad'. Note the adapter is not electronic.<br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyhITyt3i8hh5blXH53NUDD0ocoHXbAZwoQ2YBw9U4UvShxtUFbEvYijMcfEXJYYEXLLYyOr8KhsusnyabcLPdVNMuGUyGkiGStMt__xO9XmgZX13kgE2MMpNflDK3LHVxYPApXvEO9kLTMVANSNX7n7agTKgLO35TjOEjCyOPQLsvGSTtFYvLyE9-wvPp/s720/EF-EFM-RCV-05_720x.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyhITyt3i8hh5blXH53NUDD0ocoHXbAZwoQ2YBw9U4UvShxtUFbEvYijMcfEXJYYEXLLYyOr8KhsusnyabcLPdVNMuGUyGkiGStMt__xO9XmgZX13kgE2MMpNflDK3LHVxYPApXvEO9kLTMVANSNX7n7agTKgLO35TjOEjCyOPQLsvGSTtFYvLyE9-wvPp/s320/EF-EFM-RCV-05_720x.webp" width="320" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">To provide me the greatest flexibility in focal length optimisation, I decided to use my EOS 24-105mm, F/4L, locked by using the lens twist technique, to the required aperture. In the test I decided to use f/8, which on my IR converted M100, was a little too stopped down, ie diffraction.</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Mounting the above on an available nodal rail, a pano, clickable, rotating base, and an Acratech reversed ballhead for levelling, resulted in the following set up.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCW5BGB1p7PbekjHZl265fRA5xhshx_CpS393dnVNdvZDqBu7olCVPz7DdokIl2A92Au9hzOby1br7JMJpYyoLg3KSnuKdLIIA62e7h_-FkDOPHbXX_zwlE1kZoUx-PLp0gSmUUNU4bbEXwrC0VxZGLXA6mt05a-g8v1oB_f4pPcKlfpJ1eePUoDUcd5Q/s4032/image0%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCW5BGB1p7PbekjHZl265fRA5xhshx_CpS393dnVNdvZDqBu7olCVPz7DdokIl2A92Au9hzOby1br7JMJpYyoLg3KSnuKdLIIA62e7h_-FkDOPHbXX_zwlE1kZoUx-PLp0gSmUUNU4bbEXwrC0VxZGLXA6mt05a-g8v1oB_f4pPcKlfpJ1eePUoDUcd5Q/s320/image0%20copy.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The position of the infinity, no-parallax, entrance pupil at 30mm, in blue below, was estimated from the PhotonToPhotos <a href="https://www.photonstophotos.net/GeneralTopics/Lenses/OpticalBench/OpticalBench.htm#Data/US20170374291_Example01P.txt,figureOpacity=0.25,AxisO,OffAxis" target="_blank">optical hub</a>.</span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZb_JeZV0eSoehb9J47X4flM1E7--CXIEUK2RPh8nr4EOVd2q8wVTu2FDq3kYHYUEOiwmLmIXoZUEl-EpZKS0b-djbhZXd4hoBsXDgHdwrHK9woRVO1Q0Slsz3mPtiQNfjwIUNGoujpNA0DFIMw6mRJjUzcZPipItt12k9ifLkkgScZXwQCyVY7PNzgzBi/s963/fef44.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="963" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZb_JeZV0eSoehb9J47X4flM1E7--CXIEUK2RPh8nr4EOVd2q8wVTu2FDq3kYHYUEOiwmLmIXoZUEl-EpZKS0b-djbhZXd4hoBsXDgHdwrHK9woRVO1Q0Slsz3mPtiQNfjwIUNGoujpNA0DFIMw6mRJjUzcZPipItt12k9ifLkkgScZXwQCyVY7PNzgzBi/s320/fef44.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Using a field/angle of view calculator from <a href="https://www.scantips.com/lights/fieldofview.html" target="_blank">scantips</a> gave me a hint that I should rotate the 30mm lens twice by 30 degrees, which gave me sufficient overlap of the quads, and got me close, but wider, to the XPan 30mm FoV of 94 degrees. That is, ignoring pupil magnification, an infinity AFoV in degrees of around 2*30 + (360/pi)ATAN(quad-sensor-width/(2*focal-length))</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">After stitching the 12 images, of three quads, in Lightroom, I was then able to extract/crop out a 617 image with about the right field of view of a 30mm XPan.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The proof of principle (IR) test capture, with my converted M100, was, as usual, in my garden. In this test I should have spent more time refining hyperfocal based, infinity focus, but as I was only establishing the workflow, that wasn’t too important.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">One of the uncorrected IR quads (7820 pixels square from four rotations of the adapter, that is simulating about a 29mm square sensor) looked like this:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMVaLLJytZx0P9oDpjS7qg4cnEDx2AeRCgJjhUvbeVTY584fy6yS5y_iifTTeqAKV_EzmFOk2G-5Muot_ZU9Cjqvlq6DtH4e7Wlz-5ytXM2b-NlZOd84hD3_mOJtUtDNOyxhmdrOlyIfSyMsSosxiZygyw_2Pb0j4r2sx7Y0470RtdOsLSbwojgvvEyqlF/s1570/Screenshot%202023-09e-01%20142821.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1570" data-original-width="1567" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMVaLLJytZx0P9oDpjS7qg4cnEDx2AeRCgJjhUvbeVTY584fy6yS5y_iifTTeqAKV_EzmFOk2G-5Muot_ZU9Cjqvlq6DtH4e7Wlz-5ytXM2b-NlZOd84hD3_mOJtUtDNOyxhmdrOlyIfSyMsSosxiZygyw_2Pb0j4r2sx7Y0470RtdOsLSbwojgvvEyqlF/s320/Screenshot%202023-09e-01%20142821.jpg" width="319" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">After stitching in Lightroom, using one of my IR profiles, carrying out some toning and a hue-based 'channel swap' etc, the resultant 617 image, 15708 x 5544 pixels in size, looked like this:</span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnJhmsxwzvXK_qt_tPysu9N-dgLBHPin3pxfBuA4HYJOmXhizc6ch3JCmYGwyssnhZ68EvQoH7brpe2TFuXBRD4u-RzK05zfJz3iiRRIgiVEt5U1tkjUIMqOIAvFCLzi8ljdiHrSuPfZJIVnBWXcMTQo9NDMXElVTSgBASkOxxGwKAbsfnDNsUhm7u_0ZH/s3720/rrtt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1303" data-original-width="3720" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnJhmsxwzvXK_qt_tPysu9N-dgLBHPin3pxfBuA4HYJOmXhizc6ch3JCmYGwyssnhZ68EvQoH7brpe2TFuXBRD4u-RzK05zfJz3iiRRIgiVEt5U1tkjUIMqOIAvFCLzi8ljdiHrSuPfZJIVnBWXcMTQo9NDMXElVTSgBASkOxxGwKAbsfnDNsUhm7u_0ZH/s320/rrtt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrO-odOnOms0dPb5lnwjbU04tXGT7wqgibuXlA4WN1FsAMv9Qg2WF0IXccOO-qrZMeigQ6yYqL0HpXeVX4srk-daEaNs0_0aK1Do3x51xRD8f22XvE87BXk_iIV9aX8meowgfllpan58DtC1J6eJoOMY9Oq1myWjX5crOcAXgdZbW1hwwjjmjzZCOVi2UV/s3736/Screenshot%202023-09-01%20143243qw.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>If we assume the Canon M100 pixel pitch is 3.7 microns, the resulting 'XPan emulated digital image' represents a sensor some 58 x 20 mm in size, a little bit short of the XPan, but still pretty impressive.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Obviously the above is not really a digital equivalent of an XPan. The need to stitch 12 images is the real problem, but, IMHO, it's not a bad emulation.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Bottom line: if you don't have 6-8 thousand pounds burning a hole in your pockets, with a few pieces of cheap equipment you can get close to digitally emulating a 30mm focal length XPan, using a cheap Canon EOS M mount camera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any feedback or comment on this post, or any of my posts.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-18406871716140473262023-08-27T03:20:00.010-07:002023-08-28T23:59:18.254-07:00Happy 10th Anniversary to Magic Lantern Dual-ISO <p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Although I don't have my Canon 5D3 anymore, having converted to an R, I still have lots of 'old' 5D3 captures.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Since A1ex at Magic Lantern introduced Dual-ISO ten years ago, the basic idea hasn't changed. That is, ML samples half of the sensor at ISO 100 and the other half at, say, ISO 1600. If you mix these two, with the Dual-ISO processing App, you can get almost the entire dynamic range the sensor is capable of (around 14 stops).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Of course what has changed in those 10 years are all the other post processing tools.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As a Lightroom and Photoshop user my 2023 post processing workflow goes like this:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Process the captured Dual-ISO, from within LR, with the ML Dual-ISO Converter, thus creating a base DNG RAW</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Apply a linear profile to this DNG, ie to take back control from Adobe ;-)<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Using the LR masking feature, and curves, carry out base processing on the DNG, ie so far I haven't touched a LR slider</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">From here go whatever way you wish, ie finish things off in Lightroom, pop in and out of Photoshop, use other apps from within LR, eg Radiant Photo, Luminar Neo, etc</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">So what does the above achieve?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Well here is a screen grab of what the RAW looks like in Lightroom:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvmdCeaWxz5GIQJPdILG7mo3Uepg71FR6k-ksBTHQ6Z5dFnCIWDD3xVhejI0QFr27wphOhpp09KNwFydF6rUVqpqaYRf64ihmWhwjphe6Q1UUXWjr4eDCVZT5TfE6uk9oNkvP09DKUEXqjIsTpCSKyioLVNof2LCzgxfAPOai7B2rIyx977Ykd2CLMTSMd/s2356/Screenshot%202023-08-27%20110909.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1569" data-original-width="2356" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvmdCeaWxz5GIQJPdILG7mo3Uepg71FR6k-ksBTHQ6Z5dFnCIWDD3xVhejI0QFr27wphOhpp09KNwFydF6rUVqpqaYRf64ihmWhwjphe6Q1UUXWjr4eDCVZT5TfE6uk9oNkvP09DKUEXqjIsTpCSKyioLVNof2LCzgxfAPOai7B2rIyx977Ykd2CLMTSMd/s320/Screenshot%202023-08-27%20110909.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The image, captured in Iceland in Feburary 2017, was shot on my 5D3 at a base ISO of 100, at f/13, with a shutter of 0.8s. Plus it was ETTRed using ML.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The Lightroom histogram of the base image looks like this:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmRxG8yHhTrYiIfuBVCtb4ZPvuZnGptNS-FtXW9YqxDM3_4KWydAYd61eG6kRPx9TN1eq_IKSYCTtPf-hr-IKMKzbI5UVTrKgu52DgxTmm5Iat7foMhNRaRaxNel3L-IYdeplHFsy1_jkwBXr_vJbr4oUzN0InqwG-ShtwY8gaaLSztDxz7cb2rdn7RDiU/s559/Screenshot%202023-08-27%20111323.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="559" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmRxG8yHhTrYiIfuBVCtb4ZPvuZnGptNS-FtXW9YqxDM3_4KWydAYd61eG6kRPx9TN1eq_IKSYCTtPf-hr-IKMKzbI5UVTrKgu52DgxTmm5Iat7foMhNRaRaxNel3L-IYdeplHFsy1_jkwBXr_vJbr4oUzN0InqwG-ShtwY8gaaLSztDxz7cb2rdn7RDiU/s320/Screenshot%202023-08-27%20111323.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">After using the above workflow, the image, although not an award winning one, looked like this:</span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUO4YVHaSJuioHk-WtWM6af8ebsLnNm-10U-f53nzwjlorGKH4ZrBljudG3uinasbF6zuAnUBQabkVdX6qtJ6kgnhh6kdzInlA_4V4e5PVCXbo7hGmETsjLbCy18CXFOu6-stC0Pu9jaHqj84L7m0dtHSYxpACmaUSzx41I07nN3rTs-SeVbzIwjrqjwXk/s5706/_JG_7653-dualiso.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3810" data-original-width="5706" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUO4YVHaSJuioHk-WtWM6af8ebsLnNm-10U-f53nzwjlorGKH4ZrBljudG3uinasbF6zuAnUBQabkVdX6qtJ6kgnhh6kdzInlA_4V4e5PVCXbo7hGmETsjLbCy18CXFOu6-stC0Pu9jaHqj84L7m0dtHSYxpACmaUSzx41I07nN3rTs-SeVbzIwjrqjwXk/s320/_JG_7653-dualiso.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> <br /></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Finally, another example from Iceland, including dust spots ;-)</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzjEmJWVHdcC1ZzRoVEDtfUvE89gMa3aQgqoq3VPtbc9Y9uBzqkLJGftjXXlB8xW2-10AeAb7A9X7mHAIkLeC_RnmIT3uscKOADUEECPxH-hdkQ3D6kLuKSiFyoQBJ9xK_9LG40TaFLV90QnVqzc-wzmLKCfSDH2xJsG8QZWeTF9LalcT0yaoOemyAc8I/s2236/Screenshot%202023-08-27%20113214.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1486" data-original-width="2236" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqzjEmJWVHdcC1ZzRoVEDtfUvE89gMa3aQgqoq3VPtbc9Y9uBzqkLJGftjXXlB8xW2-10AeAb7A9X7mHAIkLeC_RnmIT3uscKOADUEECPxH-hdkQ3D6kLuKSiFyoQBJ9xK_9LG40TaFLV90QnVqzc-wzmLKCfSDH2xJsG8QZWeTF9LalcT0yaoOemyAc8I/s320/Screenshot%202023-08-27%20113214.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpw3WXNkpQVJOw09ArHr72-KLAr5Cae4LAA8rjPwCh9LUva2nfON2RUeNkp33nRothUuEyalQRpnREgHE3llcaUI1Nq6fOU7ppaYfbAAF6rsRfIivOFZCi3QqdPCo54guMsyka1VyS4Az8wxwNOsz8QHWuZt4IqF7X20PhSEXmE-W-60Pa_UW2nCGrtZ_r/s2226/Screenshot%202023-08-27%20113642%20xx.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1486" data-original-width="2226" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpw3WXNkpQVJOw09ArHr72-KLAr5Cae4LAA8rjPwCh9LUva2nfON2RUeNkp33nRothUuEyalQRpnREgHE3llcaUI1Nq6fOU7ppaYfbAAF6rsRfIivOFZCi3QqdPCo54guMsyka1VyS4Az8wxwNOsz8QHWuZt4IqF7X20PhSEXmE-W-60Pa_UW2nCGrtZ_r/s320/Screenshot%202023-08-27%20113642%20xx.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> </span><br /></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">So Happy Birthday Dual-ISO and thank you A1ex: wherever you are.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-34368933213541163812023-08-19T03:32:00.004-07:002023-08-19T13:49:13.651-07:00Medium Format Panoramas with the EOS R<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In previous posts I've covered how I use sensor bracketing to create larger formats than the native sensor size, eg: <a href="https://photography.grayheron.net/search?updated-max=2023-03-25T05:31:00-07:00&max-results=7" target="_blank">here </a>and <a href="https://photography.grayheron.net/2023/02/617-panos-another-take.html" target="_blank">here</a>, and in many other posts.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">One of the advantages of using mirrorless cameras is the wide availability of adapters, that allow you to adapt lenses with a larger image circle, for example, in my case:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">EOS M camera to EOS lenses</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">EOS R camera to Mamiya 645 lenses</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this post I'll discuss my latest experiment in getting close to a digital 617 film camera, for example the FujiFilm G617, some 60x170 mm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">My starting point is a RhinoCam Vertex Rotating Stitching Adapter from Fotodiox, which connects my EOS R to one of my Mamiya 645 lenses.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7og-zDQbjm9QcvZ6RRyEBf4PTFxsNWbMKOjAyRjF2me7xe0rliDlFjeQBmVvXk1A1XmQNNW66arGJPTLcbh9gbj5cGuiwt8LwmZbSvLraPIS4c7zNbkeyJcewixJlR-EoOTCaXtHAMEmAoK2pKS-otWtaZh5RD8T1QxDxj-RErzLeaaJ7BfUhDkZf_LFM/s720/RC-Vrtx-M645-CRF-04_720x.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7og-zDQbjm9QcvZ6RRyEBf4PTFxsNWbMKOjAyRjF2me7xe0rliDlFjeQBmVvXk1A1XmQNNW66arGJPTLcbh9gbj5cGuiwt8LwmZbSvLraPIS4c7zNbkeyJcewixJlR-EoOTCaXtHAMEmAoK2pKS-otWtaZh5RD8T1QxDxj-RErzLeaaJ7BfUhDkZf_LFM/s320/RC-Vrtx-M645-CRF-04_720x.webp" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Using this set up I'm able to create 1x1 645 images some 8896 x 8866 in size, from four brackets, ie a 1x1 quad.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">To emulate the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">FujiFilm </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">G617 I additionally need to carry out a pano rotation. To ensure sufficient overlap at 45mm, and to exploit a clickable pano rotator I already have, I selected 45 degree of rotation between each 1x1 quad captures, ie 3 clicks of 15 degrees.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">To illustrate how all this turns out I took a test image in my garden, albeit on a windy day :-(, using my EOS R and a Mamiya 645 45mm lens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">For reference the 1x1 645 quad looks like this (note I didn't get the ETTR exposure right in this test):</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdNaP8Mn8FO4WBfqKSwy0V9Od6LZQNEb23BxzD26HqsjTFuQXnckZwqIiZDy8DYcKIWLkyb67hmZkXY0hVNNqd2HICGaJTtLtz08YyHms4ulyJbk3gkFxGd7DIo9ePURVpiu3-f1iE6qvGjlxxV1rRVx-x3G3L27aAGnMA51cxMyw0JJy6Y4TWMxiPn5X/s8896/_A3A4293-Pano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="8866" data-original-width="8896" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdNaP8Mn8FO4WBfqKSwy0V9Od6LZQNEb23BxzD26HqsjTFuQXnckZwqIiZDy8DYcKIWLkyb67hmZkXY0hVNNqd2HICGaJTtLtz08YyHms4ulyJbk3gkFxGd7DIo9ePURVpiu3-f1iE6qvGjlxxV1rRVx-x3G3L27aAGnMA51cxMyw0JJy6Y4TWMxiPn5X/s320/_A3A4293-Pano.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The above quad is </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">8896 x 8866 in size and, of course, shot through a MF lens.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Repeating the above twice more, every 45 degrees, ie obtaining three quads worth of images, 12 full frame brackets, results in the following Lightroom pano merge (in this case I used spherical projection):</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXokMZaReHVN8SS4ljOKlJZCWY-ClT09q6qCU3W_vQ8tu44ZzgRyjJslMBbz-NJSXw88OcZjT3o1XrV8ujjy47g-04uw1ouRFNZ2INlUDQb8AIO4V7qlB6agR3vaQPhBn9paAcB8LOj66HtdOOp2iM5rUh4XaxKaekE-IrFA1vqQ_ldqldNMcw1E7_L7mN/s2560/Screenshot%202023-08-19%20110444.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1017" data-original-width="2560" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXokMZaReHVN8SS4ljOKlJZCWY-ClT09q6qCU3W_vQ8tu44ZzgRyjJslMBbz-NJSXw88OcZjT3o1XrV8ujjy47g-04uw1ouRFNZ2INlUDQb8AIO4V7qlB6agR3vaQPhBn9paAcB8LOj66HtdOOp2iM5rUh4XaxKaekE-IrFA1vqQ_ldqldNMcw1E7_L7mN/s320/Screenshot%202023-08-19%20110444.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The above image is 22923 x 8963 in size: some 205 MP image. As I said above, I didn't attempt to nail the exposure, so the sky is blown out, as I was just testing my workflow.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">After some post procesing the image looks like this:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkGvZDDCxwivgzM6yORdgb694NTRXNueLEl-NmhL4yOwpnln559x5JmRFP4JHadVWf9pUCbcNW_0vS3_IYee6Zn5JycTB67pfYxEdg5di3oAvnLRGCcXqDBlYel1lWXPfRKlKM_sjR2IMiWAEryrp8JBwl1okwjhxzQUcnxXXIn9JQ0K8SXqKsmJpwiOGY/s3730/Screenshot%202023-08-19%20110815.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1327" data-original-width="3730" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkGvZDDCxwivgzM6yORdgb694NTRXNueLEl-NmhL4yOwpnln559x5JmRFP4JHadVWf9pUCbcNW_0vS3_IYee6Zn5JycTB67pfYxEdg5di3oAvnLRGCcXqDBlYel1lWXPfRKlKM_sjR2IMiWAEryrp8JBwl1okwjhxzQUcnxXXIn9JQ0K8SXqKsmJpwiOGY/s320/Screenshot%202023-08-19%20110815.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">A digital 185 MP, 617 image, 22922 x 8090 in size, taken with a Mamiya 645, 45mm lens with an EOS R 'adapted digital back'.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">All good fun stuff.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-56743477037244223652023-05-13T05:31:00.005-07:002023-05-19T22:04:31.023-07:00QDFS Field Testing<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this short post I'll discuss the latest tweaks I've made to my Canon M3 Quasi Depth of Field Script (QDFS) and show a few snaps from a recent field trip to the National Trust's Stourhead property.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">When it first opened in the 1740s, the garden at Stourhead was described as 'a living work of art'. Its designer, Henry Hoare II – or 'Henry the Magnificent' – was one of a small group of 'gentleman gardeners' who used their large estates to create a personal landscape. Henry was inspired by his travels around Europe and, while Stourhead's garden has developed over the centuries, those original inspirations can still be seen today.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8U6FlEO85bZVaQBxcB3CpP8UrKv5jwKwjqTp7yLZCuFHrNuHE7ghwnQQpLi_LGafb6BI09WQXkDyHuKjHHeTSRLInAwJSCZoUr756__B2LG_jygvdmGEMgRJJ1SlugL9P5jBrSoUb_xEzMCxNugVQRpzrfAwd2GNSWYKIR1bZC0_ctvpQE6n88vkPFg/s4248/Stourhead%202%20(1%20of%201).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2691" data-original-width="4248" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8U6FlEO85bZVaQBxcB3CpP8UrKv5jwKwjqTp7yLZCuFHrNuHE7ghwnQQpLi_LGafb6BI09WQXkDyHuKjHHeTSRLInAwJSCZoUr756__B2LG_jygvdmGEMgRJJ1SlugL9P5jBrSoUb_xEzMCxNugVQRpzrfAwd2GNSWYKIR1bZC0_ctvpQE6n88vkPFg/s320/Stourhead%202%20(1%20of%201).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTIMsikXP2qO121YxF4WwdFXnk2HVgEPX3wy7yCiY3Ccv-zEuoLupYz7b3Z87tqcm4To555dZ1j31a8yWssMKFcRByFmqpEkz_5KZUJCLi5rtSGxRZFl4WrgruMRi1aUZxZgHy789vKOXGImGeSc47T5fMOGW_YOSuAbRoUYLm4ZZZGr-ZRPLaQ1NL1Q/s6000/Stourhead%20(5%20of%206).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2118" data-original-width="6000" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTIMsikXP2qO121YxF4WwdFXnk2HVgEPX3wy7yCiY3Ccv-zEuoLupYz7b3Z87tqcm4To555dZ1j31a8yWssMKFcRByFmqpEkz_5KZUJCLi5rtSGxRZFl4WrgruMRi1aUZxZgHy789vKOXGImGeSc47T5fMOGW_YOSuAbRoUYLm4ZZZGr-ZRPLaQ1NL1Q/s320/Stourhead%20(5%20of%206).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">All the images captured at Stourhead were taken hand held with the help of the QDF Script, ie optimising focus and exposure bracketing.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The latest version of the script, downloadable from the right, now includes a wind bracketing option, which gives you your base bracket and an additional bracket at the same exposure, but at a higher ISO, and thus at a faster shutter speed. This use case covers wide angle capture, where the forground objects may be more visibly impacted by wind than the background. Typically you would use 3-4 Ev as the wind bracketing offset.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> I've also changed the UI and its functionality a little, as shown below:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUfir5kOB48bLosvyJSmpW4ogvJk-wY_VACBiph4CoNlT4MVjF-nbEqLmTK5wgbMx8PIxPg2nNlP_jnNdWpvLnqcEosXGTyngtQb0Q-M52X6yNXNno_RSAGzDFaq465GvyZEvMDqISkfBE0hmThHEzbxKgsTRjAgoucwM6v7EdQgz8ZpOaJP1WapF4iQ/s4400/Picture1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2506" data-original-width="4400" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUfir5kOB48bLosvyJSmpW4ogvJk-wY_VACBiph4CoNlT4MVjF-nbEqLmTK5wgbMx8PIxPg2nNlP_jnNdWpvLnqcEosXGTyngtQb0Q-M52X6yNXNno_RSAGzDFaq465GvyZEvMDqISkfBE0hmThHEzbxKgsTRjAgoucwM6v7EdQgz8ZpOaJP1WapF4iQ/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The UP button now toggles between Canon shutter speed and ISO adjustment modes.With the DOWN button toggling the console on and off, with the console's position set in the script's menu.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Finally, the script now checks to see if the camera is in manual focus mode, and, if not, sets it to MF. It also checks and ensures the wheel is always set to shutter speed adjustment, irrespective of the camera being in ISO or Tv adjustment mode at start up. Noting, of course, you can switch between Tv and ISO adjustment modes with the UP button.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-3440968112245451092023-04-30T08:59:00.008-07:002023-05-21T01:09:33.405-07:00QDFS: A few handheld enhancements<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this post I'll discuss the latest version of my Canon M3 Quasi Depth of Field Script. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In addition to some UI changes, eg focus distance is now stated in cm, I've added some bracketing enhancements. The latest version may be downloaded from the link on the right.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The new menu options look like this:</span></p><div style="background-color: #1e1e1e; color: #d4d4d4; font-family: Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre;"><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#coc = 15 "CoC (um)" [5 30]</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#brak = 0 "X bracket mode?" {ISO Tv HandH Auto->H}</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#b_val = 0 "X Bracketing Value" {Canon 1Ev 2Ev 3Ev 4Ev 5Ev}</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#sleep_time = 0 "Delay (s)" [0 10]</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#dis = 1 "Display" {#Bracks Focus}</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#lensmag = 0 "Get Mag" {Off On Dynamic}</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#reg = 1 "H/x Reg Dis" [1 3]</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#offset = 1 "Console offset" [1 12]</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#title = 1 "Title Line" {Off Full Exit}</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#ettr_zero = 3 "ETTR zero count" [0 20]</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#hhmin = 30 "HH Min Tv (1/x s)" [10 100]</span></div></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Here we see the two new exposure bracketing options. One for when hand holding (HandH) and one for auto bracketing (handholding or not), from an exposure set for the shadows, with the script auto bracketing until the ETTR exposure is reached. The bracketing steps may be set at 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Ev (b_val).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The ETTR 'zero' count may be set from 0 to 20, ie how many counts are allowed in the top 1/10 Ev of the histogram. In addition, when using the HandH option, you can set the slowest acceptable handheld shutter value, with the script adjusting if the 1/focal_length criteron is not met.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The handheld (HandH) option, which works well in high dynamic range environments like churches, is best used in the following way:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Set the Ev value to 4 or 5 Ev</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Set the ISO to 100 (note you can use a higher ISO if necessary)<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Set focus</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Use the script (RIGHT button) to set an ETTR exposure. The script will check it meets the handheld criterion</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Trigger the bracket set and the script will take the following three brackets</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Image 1 at the ETTR ISO 100 setting</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Image 2 at the handheld shutter value at ISO 100</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Image 3 at </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">the handheld shutter value and at an ISO of the set Ev value, eg 4Ev = 1600</span></li></ul></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The Auto->H (where H = hightlights) can also be used for handheld bracketing, ie where shadow noise is likely to be an issue in a single image capture. Of course, the Auto->H option can be used to take non-handheld bracket sets as well, ie at any ISO.</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Set the Ev value between brackets, eg 2Ev</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Set focus</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Set the shutter to the handheld value for the focal length you are using, eg on a WA lens 1/30s, or slower if you haven't been drinking a lot of coffee<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Adjust the ISO, up to, say, 3200, until the histogram (Canon or CHDK) indicates a suitable ETTL state. Adjust aperture and refocus as required<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Trigger the bracket set and the script will take the following brackets</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Image 1 at the manually set ETTL and ISO setting</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Image 2 to n, at the ISO setting and by adjusting the Tv value until the ETTR condition is met</span></li></ul></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As an example of using the auto option, here is a handheld test image I just took from inside my dark garage, looking out. The focal length was 11mm and the base shutter was set to 1/30s. The ISO was set to 3200.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The script then took the following additional ISO 3200 images until the ETTR criterion was met: 1/125s and 1/500s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The resultant test image, after processing with PureRaw 2 and Lightroom, looks like this:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQeJLy7Oyp7vDGZAWfBT0ubJ6HXRo-rh3bh7FPKIY5eXoBxD2M2ogPqvQr3KBN7PT55CpDPMf5nVzk2LMB6Y-yMR307odeUYM49Qu46OFl0Uf9wZ4f2AK2-kP4VREYRpdp1m2DJ-ae5aYk7nxIWCgqtosebG6SE8-CaFV42dzKbZ0HTInMycNK7s2EpA/s5848/Test.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3899" data-original-width="5848" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQeJLy7Oyp7vDGZAWfBT0ubJ6HXRo-rh3bh7FPKIY5eXoBxD2M2ogPqvQr3KBN7PT55CpDPMf5nVzk2LMB6Y-yMR307odeUYM49Qu46OFl0Uf9wZ4f2AK2-kP4VREYRpdp1m2DJ-ae5aYk7nxIWCgqtosebG6SE8-CaFV42dzKbZ0HTInMycNK7s2EpA/s320/Test.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> <br /></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-42179612301887359712023-04-15T04:13:00.022-07:002023-05-09T14:41:10.345-07:00QDFS: update<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">This post is to record the latest tweaks to my Quasi Depth of Field Script (QDFS). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I wrote the M3 (only) QDFS to complement my Landscape Bracketing Script, that is optimised for auto focus and exposure bracketing. QDFS being targeted at more manual shooting.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Exposure bracketing in QDFS is restricted to either carrying out a Canon set AEB capture or a two bracket QDFS capture from a base ETTR, either with a Tv or ISO shot. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the latest version (downloadable from the right), I've added the ability to dynamically reset the following menu items:</span></p><div style="background-color: #1e1e1e; color: #d4d4d4; font-family: Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre;"><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#coc = 15 "CoC (um)" [5 30]</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#brak = 0 "X bracket mode?" {ISO Tv}</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#isoval = 0 "X Bracketing Value" {Canon ETR+1Ev ETR+2Ev ETR+3Ev ETR+4Ev ETR+5Ev}</span></div><div><span style="color: #6a9955;">#sleep_time = 0 "Delay (s)" [0 10]</span></div></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Enabling edit mode is simply achieved by focusing 'beyond' infinity, ie where there is no useful Canon lens info, but the lens count is still being indexed or has maxed out. This location is a place where you don't want to be, as you have no way of knowing the focus state. Because of QDFS’s edit mode, you will never focus ‘beyond’ infinity. If QDFS reports 0 micron infinity blur, then you are at the Canon reported infinity.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The updated button controls look like this:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL3qK4OEZxoUlnj2Vvnb61dJZt9ugRkWhdVfCFr_gfLjMOm10Ii0KtRHz8jlposEDjRwxhRuK-wSOze99EERDFW8aw3EL5UKaumEagO3A8rty0yAepnIEdp8JIw1IH-qOtGlefDTps1d0pErsjwBb_YPAUEVzVXkk0Uf93SLPp9N_O27GlYi3pjIMvsA/s4400/Picture1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhanhqO8ZMbTjYARvN6G49pdVysbbu0XIq3bXKb5rqU6tBepIBC4LGMBlqJqV1Ol4NoyVr-TaqKgqZssA_s-OJQ0f9JfAX8wQlw-qkgStaRNyGhhC5x4enx8lPxYVe88ng3uJOwxGyn5tfHc1shpvKaja9R4Fu_dEjkZg_nU4X4ocHwB4YmPsUNvXL9SA/s4400/Picture1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2506" data-original-width="4400" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhanhqO8ZMbTjYARvN6G49pdVysbbu0XIq3bXKb5rqU6tBepIBC4LGMBlqJqV1Ol4NoyVr-TaqKgqZssA_s-OJQ0f9JfAX8wQlw-qkgStaRNyGhhC5x4enx8lPxYVe88ng3uJOwxGyn5tfHc1shpvKaja9R4Fu_dEjkZg_nU4X4ocHwB4YmPsUNvXL9SA/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Note that you can press Left or Right buttons to set an ETTL or ETTR exposures. The ETTR auto setting is based on the top 1/10 Ev and the ETTL exposure is set at about -7.4Ev down from fully saturated, ie the first 25 bins of the histogram. Also by pressing the Info button you can toggle through the various Canon screens, where you can change Canon settings such as the AEB and display the Canon histogram etc, according to how you have set up the Canon display options.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">These are the release notes embedded in the script <br /></span></p><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Notes: </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* This Quasi Depth of Field Scale script only runs on the M3
with the XIMR version of CHDK, ie CHDK 1.7</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* The script provides visual feedback for manual deep focus
bracketing, ie not for macro focus bracketing</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* It also provides two exposure bracket options from an ETTR
exposure (ISO or Tv) and one from whatever Canon AEB is set</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* The script first tests to see if a Canon AEB is set. If
not the script then looks at the ISO/Tv ETTR bracketing options. Canon meaning
whatever AEB is set on the Canon side, or not</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Repeatedly pressing the INFO button will cycle through the
Canon screens, including the Canon histogram: which will be active via touch. </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Here you can change the AEB for example</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* The script was mainly written for wide angle lenses and
specifically the EF-M 11-22mm ;-)</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Although mainly EF-M lenses can be used, you can add other
lenses, eg TS-E 24mm II</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* An estimate of the front principal location can be found
from subtracting the QDFS MFD (displayed in the console) from the Canon
reported MFD</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Changing focal length will reset the DoF scale</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Switching out of ALT mode will exit the script</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Switching the console on in the script's menu will provide
additional feedback, eg the lens stepper count and the Canon lower and upper
focus bounds</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* You can reposition the console, including switching it
off, by pressing the UP button</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* If you are focused beyond the hyperfocal, the DoF Scale
will display the infinity blur in microms (on the right of the DoF scale)</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* The infinity blur info will disappear if you focus beyond
the Canon 'data infinity', when you enter edit mode: using the LEFT, UP, RIGHT
& DOWN buttons</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* If selected, the number of brackets to the hyperfocal is
also shown on the right, as you focus short of H/3</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* If Focus is selected in the Display menu, then an ESTIMATE
of the focus distance from the sensor is displayed: this can be compared to the
Canon reported distance and the mag tuned as required</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Pressing the MENU button will toggle the bar on and off,
eg as an aid to composing</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Pressing the INFO button will toggle through the various
Canon displays</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Pressing the ZOOM-IN button will reset the realtive Ev
feedback and show the current DoF on the top on the DoF scale</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* A long press of the ZOOM-IN button will toggle between
showing focus info on the right or % of the histogram in the top 1/10 stop</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Pressing the RIGHT button will ETTR, and pushing the LEFT
button will ETTL. ETTR and ETTL thresholds can be changed in the code.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* If things don't look right either do a HS press, or change
focal length to reset things or restart the script or the camera ;-)</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">* Further info on the script may be found on my blog,
including dynamic focus calibration when the script is running</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Release 1.34</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">photography.grayheron.net</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">April 2023</span></i></p>
<p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The following are a few M3 screen captures illustrating the latest version of the script.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF9RceEhVTfsTRAEAtBK5nq-n8pL19-Tc6JzjaPWwznbaJieR7XL_aacSEnP-f7nERYPgjNHKjBossigX9AcC_n3JTuvHTFhUorkOzZPLVYswdswmZ4li4URP7GOkShsTugo3EXo5s5_ZRPe0QvuGR18OKX2kakGgESwIyrWH1q80ZHwnUusmt-1nVOA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-08-48.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF9RceEhVTfsTRAEAtBK5nq-n8pL19-Tc6JzjaPWwznbaJieR7XL_aacSEnP-f7nERYPgjNHKjBossigX9AcC_n3JTuvHTFhUorkOzZPLVYswdswmZ4li4URP7GOkShsTugo3EXo5s5_ZRPe0QvuGR18OKX2kakGgESwIyrWH1q80ZHwnUusmt-1nVOA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-08-48.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see the QDFS menu, where you can set your defaults, some of which can be dynamically edited.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY2JvSrVsPUpF4OxkVM8o_wlMVnMcfx_jIHES8-DF6m4nEtcJKlFnQ2rTZDwlXw52mp1be3zP59M6yTBTaXkeMNFwTJqhlfaLzbRPVflHshR0cHd4gl_8ExeQblwQQDNMg7KanfbU3hGJdEdZl5egsauHmmcChdauEGT6ITrsmy_HQWgvsEvN345Grow/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-00-22.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY2JvSrVsPUpF4OxkVM8o_wlMVnMcfx_jIHES8-DF6m4nEtcJKlFnQ2rTZDwlXw52mp1be3zP59M6yTBTaXkeMNFwTJqhlfaLzbRPVflHshR0cHd4gl_8ExeQblwQQDNMg7KanfbU3hGJdEdZl5egsauHmmcChdauEGT6ITrsmy_HQWgvsEvN345Grow/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-00-22.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-j7fgmkxyKLkn7XXEQHDCIgzkuml-pFS7u8qt1zuzEzqaPvhJY3uMeUWqOn0Fi_rV5wzRKcFGSiKvGKYmiSgNYDqxBvH7uUPavT9I59810dcVCYGetJ4PRpQ-16jyQKsf33uzuTTE0zgveZuLANJHEW3IAVhiEYHXb-bHCd-ERivf2jVL3KuvTIAHpQ/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-00-35.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-j7fgmkxyKLkn7XXEQHDCIgzkuml-pFS7u8qt1zuzEzqaPvhJY3uMeUWqOn0Fi_rV5wzRKcFGSiKvGKYmiSgNYDqxBvH7uUPavT9I59810dcVCYGetJ4PRpQ-16jyQKsf33uzuTTE0zgveZuLANJHEW3IAVhiEYHXb-bHCd-ERivf2jVL3KuvTIAHpQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-00-35.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see one way to set up QDFS. The top screen capture shows that the focus distance is being reported on the right, as we are less that the hyperfocal, the red bar. This reporting can be reconfigured in the menu to show the near depth of field and infinity blur.<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Where as on the bottom screen we see that once we are focused passed the hyperfocal, the display changes to show the infinity blur.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinmKoTtLVGUCY6Ql0DZQYH7aTzcX4cPodvYE73iq97wb_g3ovjFYwZyxSZkYu4sdm6HNCV0syh2E57AKgjT_jeCMnhM8WEmvMxYpxCRSnwHCHwZuY3JTU4KmKksenP2dz8ivNmPxyjxtWr4y2JxKaiHXNt-WNppw3wm2BPCE5fFKqIIxOazsraMnnoNQ/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-01-25.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinmKoTtLVGUCY6Ql0DZQYH7aTzcX4cPodvYE73iq97wb_g3ovjFYwZyxSZkYu4sdm6HNCV0syh2E57AKgjT_jeCMnhM8WEmvMxYpxCRSnwHCHwZuY3JTU4KmKksenP2dz8ivNmPxyjxtWr4y2JxKaiHXNt-WNppw3wm2BPCE5fFKqIIxOazsraMnnoNQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-01-25.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see that the AF Frame button has been pressed to register the current focus (white bar) and set the current exposure as the 0Ev (shown in the console area, along with the current lens position count and the total (max) count, the Canon upper and lower reported distances, the focus relative to the hyperfocal, and the exposure relative to the exposure on start up or the registered exposure.<br /><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMq6N0ymPNUcryS-d2rMQOL_OKZ_xbXREmt4ZqoYwTQQ9kUz0GoxkKVdAEqyhYRi2xc7OdEVsGNWVtWu-t_HnSneKyDPJolDSksZUJPZESYZVldHsaQD_f6Zyh_it_MPPKCAUYhS7PwLeRbHHQfPa2LkiCdkc3xapy-GIoP0TVLwy6Vg_0EhJFBbCIVA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-01-32.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMq6N0ymPNUcryS-d2rMQOL_OKZ_xbXREmt4ZqoYwTQQ9kUz0GoxkKVdAEqyhYRi2xc7OdEVsGNWVtWu-t_HnSneKyDPJolDSksZUJPZESYZVldHsaQD_f6Zyh_it_MPPKCAUYhS7PwLeRbHHQfPa2LkiCdkc3xapy-GIoP0TVLwy6Vg_0EhJFBbCIVA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-01-32.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see that focus has changed and that the current DoF, relative to the registered (or last image captured) focus is green, indicating a positive overlap at the set CoC (which is dynamically adjustable).</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMtyVxh1pl65_gJnVARpspcZFLELWG795qTDjN0N3paBQFGF-uIyGnTPVw5OrFHTn3uKmCWyvEcRr_qj55ikTo2v7Fp7iHDE-a9gmE7ShmJKGi191NBws1bHXP5At1jTa6_DDQe8D_akXwABYixH3FCALkF7rYEF2FamggCSXtdCGS18lBljDC7S8doA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-01-37.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMtyVxh1pl65_gJnVARpspcZFLELWG795qTDjN0N3paBQFGF-uIyGnTPVw5OrFHTn3uKmCWyvEcRr_qj55ikTo2v7Fp7iHDE-a9gmE7ShmJKGi191NBws1bHXP5At1jTa6_DDQe8D_akXwABYixH3FCALkF7rYEF2FamggCSXtdCGS18lBljDC7S8doA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-01-37.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see that the current focus has a focus gap (red) relative to the last registered/captured image.<br /> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYD_jJjUl5fvJysHoypiTLlEhfqFKWjJSGFbcilG2Vlhhee5_2lGIfYg81Ti41_TrhLVOcJ6S0iqQ6pbjgcYSHSFfmGEVi8aPpS6TJeLJreDYAO_gqERWFr_Lqiy0mAsc4f1R9anNaij2XfROwNuXioAWLAyYOIdnXy257DkYhM-UrDbPcaK21LBvSOA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-02-54.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYD_jJjUl5fvJysHoypiTLlEhfqFKWjJSGFbcilG2Vlhhee5_2lGIfYg81Ti41_TrhLVOcJ6S0iqQ6pbjgcYSHSFfmGEVi8aPpS6TJeLJreDYAO_gqERWFr_Lqiy0mAsc4f1R9anNaij2XfROwNuXioAWLAyYOIdnXy257DkYhM-UrDbPcaK21LBvSOA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-02-54.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see that the CHDK histogram has been toggled on, via the AE Lock button. Note that as we can display both the Canon and CHDK histograms, it is best to set the CHDK histogram to log mode. We also see the right hand side info has changed to a %, which shows the ETTR state in the top 1/10 Ev. This ETTR info is realised by doing a long press of the AE Lock. To display the focus info again, simply do another long press. There are three regions that get reported. A 0% means just that, ie the top 1/10 of a stop has zero histogram data. If the top 1/10 of a stop contains less than 1% of the histogram, then the actual count is shown. Finally, if the top 1/10 of a stop has greater than 1% of the histogram, then the % is shown.<br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAZsDmQV-vHSUq-vcfvPXKJ0JDm5xTdauILQ514st4T3kyeXPdWijOsHhg193fQNmXfOxv7vEOdr6spcPKKVIwBcVE3ZDizeoidmfZsccfLgIwCst-R0253RtgOyNWsy2BEGjSOT7HV-A0vv7N17vsYFLltGRXddlMAf-Nha5NlheAJNodkHn8_Avpwg/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-04-01.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAZsDmQV-vHSUq-vcfvPXKJ0JDm5xTdauILQ514st4T3kyeXPdWijOsHhg193fQNmXfOxv7vEOdr6spcPKKVIwBcVE3ZDizeoidmfZsccfLgIwCst-R0253RtgOyNWsy2BEGjSOT7HV-A0vv7N17vsYFLltGRXddlMAf-Nha5NlheAJNodkHn8_Avpwg/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-04-01.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see the console area has been repositioned by pressing the UP button, which moves the console up until it is not shown. Pressing further repositions the console at the bottom. A long press of the UP button will switch off the console and another long press will show it in the bottom position.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbO0YdkMFMTYWfpGz3I7FWcdGTyUsyieI6ssm24K9I9I1oZHwpzdIiXUFVNBS49Nx86zVAF5EJK5iMbBfAxjVRUkcCLnUiSsx_CDJN4vGzwPqMmJzOKEkMQrLLTLKTNqCjwZ0prVjMAuA5cJu6wzSO_BDtcNluzhqainHEEAxG8Dv_8mYy2nZoXjQcfQ/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-00-49.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbO0YdkMFMTYWfpGz3I7FWcdGTyUsyieI6ssm24K9I9I1oZHwpzdIiXUFVNBS49Nx86zVAF5EJK5iMbBfAxjVRUkcCLnUiSsx_CDJN4vGzwPqMmJzOKEkMQrLLTLKTNqCjwZ0prVjMAuA5cJu6wzSO_BDtcNluzhqainHEEAxG8Dv_8mYy2nZoXjQcfQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-00-49.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see that we have focused 'beyond' infinity and thus entered the edit mode. Here we can change exposure bracketing options by pressing the Left, Up, Right or Down buttons, to adjust the CoC value, set ISO or Tv bracketing, and change the start delay when capturing images.<br /><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW7RYzuQbYl9wlk66OcvuFabI3YEGAage77--o5Jmr8FxZg2HP2Vn6FzhujnZaB2sq08q6tjI2L-3F_kHLYCVQVdkxjfJVn67xnT0lNswj0fjHxmiLJSjl6hsLuIklbFFHr6L-pBTuAUXddboGqa7JtjHjx8t8zVPE1eG91as-2T6B2dzROAxSUelwiw/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-06-58.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW7RYzuQbYl9wlk66OcvuFabI3YEGAage77--o5Jmr8FxZg2HP2Vn6FzhujnZaB2sq08q6tjI2L-3F_kHLYCVQVdkxjfJVn67xnT0lNswj0fjHxmiLJSjl6hsLuIklbFFHr6L-pBTuAUXddboGqa7JtjHjx8t8zVPE1eG91as-2T6B2dzROAxSUelwiw/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-15%2011-06-58.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Finally in the above we see the impact of changing aperture, here to F/22. Changing focal length, aperture or CoC will dynamically reconfigure the depth of field bar.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As usual I welcome any feedback/comments on the above or any of my posts.<br /></span></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-18963037510530841612023-04-07T11:20:00.003-07:002023-04-07T11:34:38.909-07:00ETTR Exposure Meter Update<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">This post comes with a little twinge of sadness, as it will be the last post I will flag on the DPReview forum, as Amazon, in its infinite wisdom, has decided to shut DPReview down.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Like many photographers, I have got a lot of support from DPReview forums and, in my humble way, I've tried to contribute.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Back to the main purpose of the this post, that is to announce an update to the ETTR meter in my Landscape Bracketing Script, that runs on the M3 and M10 (LBS-M, which is downloadable on the right).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The ETTR meter interface has been simplified and shows the top three (highlight) 1/3 stops, including the % of the histogram in each stop.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">For those that are interested, here are the histogram bins that I’ve used, to account for the fact that the CHDK 8-bit liveview histogram data is not a linear representation but a 2.2 gamma one.</span></p><div style="background-color: #1e1e1e; color: #d4d4d4; font-family: Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre;"><div><span style="color: #c586c0;">for</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">i</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> = </span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">230</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">,</span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">255</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">,</span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">1</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #c586c0;">do</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">stop3</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> = </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">stop3</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> + </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">histo</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">[</span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">i</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">] </span><span style="color: #c586c0;">end</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span></div><div><span style="color: #c586c0;">for</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">i</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> = </span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">207</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">,</span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">229</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">,</span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">1</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #c586c0;">do</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">stop2</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> = </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">stop2</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> + </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">histo</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">[</span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">i</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">] </span><span style="color: #c586c0;">end</span></div><div><span style="color: #c586c0;">for</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">i</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> = </span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">186</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">,</span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">206</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">,</span><span style="color: #b5cea8;">1</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #c586c0;">do</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">stop1</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> = </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">stop1</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> + </span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">histo</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">[</span><span style="color: #9cdcfe;">i</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;">] </span><span style="color: #c586c0;">end</span><span style="color: #d4d4d4;"> </span></div></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The top 1/3 stops are shown as long as there is no histogram data in the top three histogram bins, ie 253+254+255, implying 100% highlight saturation is occurring. But note, all this is not based on RAW data, so you will have little exposure insurance in hand. In addition, the 8-bit CHDK gamma histogram will not be an exact representation of the scene.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The following screen grabs show the new ETTR meter arrangement in action:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt_uWcI1Yoe7n5YXCGJ4gv2d24cchus_aIo9ssBhaFJW9-72e2txfz-tAluB54kTsnCbHoHH1MPLdOkDJosQ1LBbYpZ5Xn0jLsQtpu1aX86CR3-1emMZus6AlXF7O3-5FkDr6GOPIZ19eb_4UrEbvegI4BOeeeFdC2B_SzzUzhDVxwebYJm6qPWyqtdg/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-20-35.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt_uWcI1Yoe7n5YXCGJ4gv2d24cchus_aIo9ssBhaFJW9-72e2txfz-tAluB54kTsnCbHoHH1MPLdOkDJosQ1LBbYpZ5Xn0jLsQtpu1aX86CR3-1emMZus6AlXF7O3-5FkDr6GOPIZ19eb_4UrEbvegI4BOeeeFdC2B_SzzUzhDVxwebYJm6qPWyqtdg/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-20-35.png" width="320" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the above we see an underexposed scene, illustrated by the top three 1/3 stops all showing 0%.</span></span><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Dn5vefkEvZJH072GY9zY8Qij1bzuSrCLlY8I29Pj0HNQptEb3jhXrXFQu9N-AjqKzZEIm0N5WK71_ME_dn2UAs_5uWc0x5jfMcqXN34DDGJIq0aEsh8rpQO4YVxcfcemOxPLfPtGMY7UsQc_obJzNqhi-hHpOKnEWyAktb4S7a8yjP901F-M5g9UWg/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-21-00.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Dn5vefkEvZJH072GY9zY8Qij1bzuSrCLlY8I29Pj0HNQptEb3jhXrXFQu9N-AjqKzZEIm0N5WK71_ME_dn2UAs_5uWc0x5jfMcqXN34DDGJIq0aEsh8rpQO4YVxcfcemOxPLfPtGMY7UsQc_obJzNqhi-hHpOKnEWyAktb4S7a8yjP901F-M5g9UWg/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-21-00.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the above we see the exposure has been slightly adjusted and the Canon histogram switched on, by toggling through the INFO button.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSsmw9vutSN2Z9G-vNNQUWNZJyJpumefSC3X4MsgKa49QstD0DgXRKVQBEDsvbNTgqU_T4S1R-vySJlbEMZ4_ik_u0HZBGFicUzOVMb8J6mHdn8z2sYLtd-9VtcxYObCZ2LaHqR1MLR7IMmCZkOtfeWU60RgoPKHVcR6Lnf82hY-83DH-az7H4_SvBZA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-21-07.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSsmw9vutSN2Z9G-vNNQUWNZJyJpumefSC3X4MsgKa49QstD0DgXRKVQBEDsvbNTgqU_T4S1R-vySJlbEMZ4_ik_u0HZBGFicUzOVMb8J6mHdn8z2sYLtd-9VtcxYObCZ2LaHqR1MLR7IMmCZkOtfeWU60RgoPKHVcR6Lnf82hY-83DH-az7H4_SvBZA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-21-07.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the above we see the CHDK, log, histogram has been toggled on as well. Both histograms can be on or off independently.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaiIpCrr9vzzskS9wDjhuuzaQYfgWKOucovwO5eqsRMUaVXrUz6HIze4JzQ68syXeQqguYQFHN36OD6_NcFZOXx6e6QM_3mv7SoIUKvWHhTzVtSeRLGOrrlHS9C9ips0OmO54tOxf-tGJsyCESarTwd9CMoiE-Jr5Ayssq8yrHyL3IbDvFkrDPjAGcIA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-21-25.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaiIpCrr9vzzskS9wDjhuuzaQYfgWKOucovwO5eqsRMUaVXrUz6HIze4JzQ68syXeQqguYQFHN36OD6_NcFZOXx6e6QM_3mv7SoIUKvWHhTzVtSeRLGOrrlHS9C9ips0OmO54tOxf-tGJsyCESarTwd9CMoiE-Jr5Ayssq8yrHyL3IbDvFkrDPjAGcIA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-21-25.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the above we see that the exposure has been adjusted further and that the highlights are now just saturating. We see this transition is clearly visible, as we now only get feedback on the level of highlight saturation that is occurring.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Finally, in the image below, we see the exposure has been increased even more and we are seeing an indication that about 0.3% of the histogram is saturated.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXG2w0-mnEL26AhDIGYfvOxmXAz_5QMFpCjPjn9tKiNCZtY8YmwDCTYoa9pLVZazh3W5baGGvg6wfMzxuEnJT2Nx5NUnC7hh3xLNG0Ih_VXCTAuTcNK5m5DAoO14Rner_q-9kCLx0fil2eEy9xuo8pADEh8j3LqIFXGdx6h7S4tl6k-UJAtVG3C9TWQ/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-21-42.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXG2w0-mnEL26AhDIGYfvOxmXAz_5QMFpCjPjn9tKiNCZtY8YmwDCTYoa9pLVZazh3W5baGGvg6wfMzxuEnJT2Nx5NUnC7hh3xLNG0Ih_VXCTAuTcNK5m5DAoO14Rner_q-9kCLx0fil2eEy9xuo8pADEh8j3LqIFXGdx6h7S4tl6k-UJAtVG3C9TWQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-07%2018-21-42.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Clearly, all this information is there to help you set the best ETTR exposure, noting that it is based on non RAW data.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts. </span></div><p></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-8677447109717911232023-04-02T05:28:00.006-07:002023-04-02T09:02:49.503-07:00Latest tweaks to M3/M10 Landscape Bracketing Script<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As readers of my blog know, from a travel perspective, I think the CHDK enabled M3 and M10 are an incredible pair of cameras, especially as you can pick them up relatively cheaply on the second hand market.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">When travelling light, ie not wishing to carry my EOS R and all its heavy lenses, I carry both the M3 and M10, as I have the M3 running in its native sensor mode, covering the visible part of the spectrum, and the M10 converted with to IR, at a 720nm cut.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Both cameras run my LBS-M script which gives full control of complex focus and exposure bracketing.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the latest version of LBS-M, which can be downloaded from the right, I've added a dynamic adjustment feature, that allows you to change both focus and exposure options without exiting the script and going back to the script’s CHDK menu. In addition, you can dynamically switch the bookend feature on or off, change the shutter delay time and select various sky bracketing options.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The adjustment state</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> can be accessed by d</span><span style="font-family: arial;">oing a half shutter long press, which will take the script into a new mode that allows you to use the UP, DOWN, RIGHT and LEFT keys to move/toggle through various options:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">UP will toggle the bookend feature on and off</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">RIGHT will move through the various exposure bracketing options</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">LEFT will move through the various focus options</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">DOWN will adjust the time delay (0 to 10s)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">SET will move through the sky bracketing options</span></li></ul></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The following M3 screen captures illustrate the above in action:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglp0XF9x6P2sUEyRbx4gBtTFk7wBFn_g0QNNl9-4J3gKvdVww8cz03uX2PA1TWJ3h_XiD3o8VIZFQe24bs5IETKzyDpc0nfSvHDKbyomtUb7Wv9K-YbI-91r9H7mKDdm1hkFbLrI76M1k1LzVTYN7zHzkTey8C5m4PEWkgp1fYt2jrIHiN6y707Ib4ZQ/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-57-46.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglp0XF9x6P2sUEyRbx4gBtTFk7wBFn_g0QNNl9-4J3gKvdVww8cz03uX2PA1TWJ3h_XiD3o8VIZFQe24bs5IETKzyDpc0nfSvHDKbyomtUb7Wv9K-YbI-91r9H7mKDdm1hkFbLrI76M1k1LzVTYN7zHzkTey8C5m4PEWkgp1fYt2jrIHiN6y707Ib4ZQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-57-46.png" width="320" /></a></div></div></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">The above shows a typical LBS-M start up state, showing focus, in this case, is at infinity, the near DoF (161cn) and an infinity blur of 0 microns. This focus state is not ideal as there is no reported Canon focus data to use: thus I would normally back off infinity focus until I see some focus data appear, eg and infinity blur of greater than 0 microns. We also see the exposure (middle top bars) is indicating an overexposed scene.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvVml_B6MeWyFecGHd-0QurlWYKK0DVi_IJi6ZC-ZtyMcnlQ8-3kQoHfHbh1Mchr0F_ZeM3GAvp_e30ygUVdGYzJbtigxYXesEmqeEwMB3fr-8A6HvyoX38XI1RxeABgzP0RoyezFE6Jq-uulzPsunnYhFCCKwz2HR_cwT3rXKzAevtpJOfQJqsYuFWA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-58-34.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvVml_B6MeWyFecGHd-0QurlWYKK0DVi_IJi6ZC-ZtyMcnlQ8-3kQoHfHbh1Mchr0F_ZeM3GAvp_e30ygUVdGYzJbtigxYXesEmqeEwMB3fr-8A6HvyoX38XI1RxeABgzP0RoyezFE6Jq-uulzPsunnYhFCCKwz2HR_cwT3rXKzAevtpJOfQJqsYuFWA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-58-34.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">In the above I auto ETTRed using the script and adjusted the exposure do the over exposed indicator is not showing red or white. For this illustration we won't adjust focus but enter the adjustment mode by doing a long half shutter press (about 2 seconds), when we see the following appear:<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOFLd7v8y3bb6o9_MrfO9zdHlPCDObfZzKmqSLr_MtYrM264Ui_q97b8mh8u_fkzOgf9TemYtduof49Itjq0sS4k5DuxwU0QMU-0A_yug7q1j84BNxNRBSkCajRKCicV-UdhOVo4DGIX36ywHYz7z8Vk_KQPwONuOOcGRl1lhtkB922wzckvsVeSrUEA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-58-45.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOFLd7v8y3bb6o9_MrfO9zdHlPCDObfZzKmqSLr_MtYrM264Ui_q97b8mh8u_fkzOgf9TemYtduof49Itjq0sS4k5DuxwU0QMU-0A_yug7q1j84BNxNRBSkCajRKCicV-UdhOVo4DGIX36ywHYz7z8Vk_KQPwONuOOcGRl1lhtkB922wzckvsVeSrUEA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-58-45.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">In the above we see a reminder that we can use the Left, Right, Up, Down and Set buttons:<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2wgwizToAMydzsSFoHy7SE4kuw3LznCjhzFPdbf8ApAl0UQfPL4qsPmorG0EFgxTvFfVavJM9dqwKRU4X-WnFoHBpkl7IZ6kSfo54uLPDxsn9ShVNSDS5mRcIsI-zmR4u_Nqthf01OAop7KtA_ypQgiV-1m1jdzxAp2k-l40SIlgwciFqEOf1pPTrPQ/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-59-28.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2wgwizToAMydzsSFoHy7SE4kuw3LznCjhzFPdbf8ApAl0UQfPL4qsPmorG0EFgxTvFfVavJM9dqwKRU4X-WnFoHBpkl7IZ6kSfo54uLPDxsn9ShVNSDS5mRcIsI-zmR4u_Nqthf01OAop7KtA_ypQgiV-1m1jdzxAp2k-l40SIlgwciFqEOf1pPTrPQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-59-28.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above we see that I've set the focus mode to Manual, that ISO bracketing has been set (as the ISO bracket value was set to ISO 1600 in the script's menu, this means a second image, at ISO 1600, will be taken), that bookends has been turned on, that a delay of 5s has been set, and that ETTR sky bracketing has been enabled..</span><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnqApLD-bgs-lqHL17IR9YBmniSUkDzpsj9DFUtaozGoMtsGZJZUv9Rso6CWLFovpsZcoVDokpzxAlxleD2px3ZUhHE2eNTuY1bbLBGmLuUCCkISUciH0H26lI1ZrR9UTN_ki-PFKmXGcQHr-5drKuLI72V3dAlDLKhXCjEru1dq5JhN1bREQlmObugA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-59-44.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnqApLD-bgs-lqHL17IR9YBmniSUkDzpsj9DFUtaozGoMtsGZJZUv9Rso6CWLFovpsZcoVDokpzxAlxleD2px3ZUhHE2eNTuY1bbLBGmLuUCCkISUciH0H26lI1ZrR9UTN_ki-PFKmXGcQHr-5drKuLI72V3dAlDLKhXCjEru1dq5JhN1bREQlmObugA/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-02%2012-59-44.png" width="320" /></a></div></div><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the above I've returned to the shooting state by doing a half shutter press. I can re-enter the dynamic adjustment mode at any time the script is running, by doing a long half shutter press; and change any of the settings.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As this is a rather boring post, I'll finish up with a test shot I just took on the IR converted M10. I took the shot through a window and it is not meant to be a prize winning image;-)</span></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCZ0QR3HmToxQ6uecsznBgQRMl3KjlOzt5fTf4-VQqcU2-YqQFxiRp_kuZQ8mqYv6VdIGT4XsKeg4bDdptOzMLytHOU_vWJ-TNeNeyDOj8riHiN2LiKs2Vb4xEh6Nox-0ZfCknazjaJwGCPJkjTAVkHbTeZ8hNhiaa1pfTR3iDzq7zeTq7oWmq1Naxcw/s5184/LBS-M%20Test.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCZ0QR3HmToxQ6uecsznBgQRMl3KjlOzt5fTf4-VQqcU2-YqQFxiRp_kuZQ8mqYv6VdIGT4XsKeg4bDdptOzMLytHOU_vWJ-TNeNeyDOj8riHiN2LiKs2Vb4xEh6Nox-0ZfCknazjaJwGCPJkjTAVkHbTeZ8hNhiaa1pfTR3iDzq7zeTq7oWmq1Naxcw/s320/LBS-M%20Test.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any feedback on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span><p></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-54149139076509981282023-03-25T09:46:00.002-07:002023-04-08T01:10:37.666-07:00Infra Red Pano Test<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this short post I thought I would simply talk about a pano (test) image I just grabbed.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">It was shot with my IR converted (720nm) Canon M10.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">BTW I get all my conversions, and I have few, from Alan Burch at https://www.infraredcameraconversions.co.uk/</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The camera was running my Landscape Bracketing Script, which gives me feedback on infinity blur setting and the log-mode CHDK histogram I find is better at ETTRing than the linear Canon one.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I used the LBS script to set a base (handheld) auto-ETTR and adjusted the final exposure using the CHDK log histogram. The aperture was set to f/5.6.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I used my 617 CHDK aspect ratio (grid) to help me with my composition setting, which adds a black top and bottom bar.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In post I only used Lightroom, having first applied an IR profile, then adding a linear grad across the entire image and colour inverting this to achieve a blue sky. I then desaturated the foliage a little and toned the image to my liking.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRI2ybzvKaL4nbiztwQUwBI7_9cwNiP9MO2-uCVTdKeJU7vCX2qnFSJy9EaBpWG-UUSYJ-99oHJAz3TSCpaKtWv0m3dgdF5J8uMLbT4OnOwGK-99eqsxJybXG0SVxVcYWGF1jlYzUQ4MLZMU4I7MK6_JRVD2s3fyQD6Bq8r6HUHbi-PSGmihp0mt2P7Q/s5083/IMG_7779-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1794" data-original-width="5083" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRI2ybzvKaL4nbiztwQUwBI7_9cwNiP9MO2-uCVTdKeJU7vCX2qnFSJy9EaBpWG-UUSYJ-99oHJAz3TSCpaKtWv0m3dgdF5J8uMLbT4OnOwGK-99eqsxJybXG0SVxVcYWGF1jlYzUQ4MLZMU4I7MK6_JRVD2s3fyQD6Bq8r6HUHbi-PSGmihp0mt2P7Q/s320/IMG_7779-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I must say, with its tilting screen, the converted M10 is a great IR travel camera.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-86444913750174731652023-03-25T05:31:00.005-07:002023-08-08T13:50:23.044-07:00XPan Simulator Update<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the last post I introduced my in-camera (G5X and G7X) Xpan simulator, which I wrote to help hone/train my panoramic image capture, especially my composition eye.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The simulator restricts the field of view to the 45mm and 90mm Xpan lenses (35mm is too wide to simulate), but I've added an additional lens preset at 150mm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">It is a simple matter to add other lenses in the script.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this update (downloaded from the right) I've added the following:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The script now handles HDMI out and EVF, ie on the G5X, although CHDK has a quirk and the EVF display will have a gap on the right of the top and bottom black bars.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The zoom is now enabled and using the zoom will take the simulator out of the XPan mode and allow you to explore other focal length. The script will, in this case, display the native focal length and the 35mm equivalent.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The following HDMI screen grabs illustrate the various functions/states.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFYuonGVOLvITxSpawnLR_QFIPWZwhVJWUFLF--leDdWLPhp-Hyvayda0rcpnS3Q5A7EWWcv95BCAuOtLacdE3uWVnB1rSlUKAR044TKs8Sg683MmGXuC8YJdpmpxL05Z5wiy33eOcW-RO5G7rbOoq1fk6p0h72UXz-C0IHQrm60MzgFeZlI6_QoR0yA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-31-35.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFYuonGVOLvITxSpawnLR_QFIPWZwhVJWUFLF--leDdWLPhp-Hyvayda0rcpnS3Q5A7EWWcv95BCAuOtLacdE3uWVnB1rSlUKAR044TKs8Sg683MmGXuC8YJdpmpxL05Z5wiy33eOcW-RO5G7rbOoq1fk6p0h72UXz-C0IHQrm60MzgFeZlI6_QoR0yA/w314-h180/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-31-35.png" width="314" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the above, we see the usual aspect view of the camera (3:2).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6l9kPYb0ivA9kEkklGLxo3OmAc4Aqg3Wf3Laic1nDy3LvpUF7aJCu_fXnAZfhzMDeEptpdN-qoLcnwdiUzF7o1G-yffe3_jq-HSthCoi7FkFf155fUTG7h2rOCp2KSCurgbol2ZKmjmrQBP9ZNm8L08aiTbvK1IwQ93pLx9u8jziNMn98r5N4460sRQ/s1920/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-31-59.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6l9kPYb0ivA9kEkklGLxo3OmAc4Aqg3Wf3Laic1nDy3LvpUF7aJCu_fXnAZfhzMDeEptpdN-qoLcnwdiUzF7o1G-yffe3_jq-HSthCoi7FkFf155fUTG7h2rOCp2KSCurgbol2ZKmjmrQBP9ZNm8L08aiTbvK1IwQ93pLx9u8jziNMn98r5N4460sRQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-31-59.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">After switching on CHDK Alt mode we see the above, telling us CPAN is ready to run, which we do by pressing the Canon shutter button.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH5n1uuxJK8gBD5vJMOnEo-THGd1CluofZzw-7eRrGWqdDSXlKizfzYZarGwkkwXo35ui8m6mEY1YCrjiyWVHvyQwxEegTvXdoOUJLezXG9Td7rCVDLPc1e3iiHXFO_Yl-tV_xnn64rL0nXgeDGwmdQRK8IUOolkmtTibtFJRZoVI1i6GJlZIuZdZZKg/s1920/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-32-21.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH5n1uuxJK8gBD5vJMOnEo-THGd1CluofZzw-7eRrGWqdDSXlKizfzYZarGwkkwXo35ui8m6mEY1YCrjiyWVHvyQwxEegTvXdoOUJLezXG9Td7rCVDLPc1e3iiHXFO_Yl-tV_xnn64rL0nXgeDGwmdQRK8IUOolkmtTibtFJRZoVI1i6GJlZIuZdZZKg/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-32-21.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> <br /></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the <span>above we see the script's start up view, simulating a 45mm XPan field of view, ie based on the XPan's 65x24 negative size.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-EtEQ3cCvCnt4Gn1WqDFrgdpGYIuh3IWW6yl4Z_58dlx28LyQkjcOLxTIfdkLNJwzZpTIA4bnqrE7Gi72tRdm7Dqk9TmEGULuzgalJk0kY4zPyRdIcrLYczttrqtLlMnkxSOPUg7AkdxSRlV03Kbh0J-Y4oH7kLSUo2oE3zGbSmvT-TibGnZ6KWZajg/s1920/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-33-11.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-EtEQ3cCvCnt4Gn1WqDFrgdpGYIuh3IWW6yl4Z_58dlx28LyQkjcOLxTIfdkLNJwzZpTIA4bnqrE7Gi72tRdm7Dqk9TmEGULuzgalJk0kY4zPyRdIcrLYczttrqtLlMnkxSOPUg7AkdxSRlV03Kbh0J-Y4oH7kLSUo2oE3zGbSmvT-TibGnZ6KWZajg/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-33-11.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In the above we see I've switch to transparent mode, by pushing the UP button. I can toggle back and forth between dark and transparent modes by pressing the UP button.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk3RCLFtVC7hplF8kl5SUf2M8UJuI6X50czmw2FNzngpUGSouyvK2pKYdY4KgUVqTT6dX3TjyoPNMYn8_fQ0Rf4NqzYJHJUbNTILROuFUeL0LFJ_RmujNNUpGRT4OSqnvAJwCVs6h9x7DmGhUQoxCdDVX8WYcvPKnSK-gTlM1S9h1dsPIUGjUYEUgwOw/s1920/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-33-20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk3RCLFtVC7hplF8kl5SUf2M8UJuI6X50czmw2FNzngpUGSouyvK2pKYdY4KgUVqTT6dX3TjyoPNMYn8_fQ0Rf4NqzYJHJUbNTILROuFUeL0LFJ_RmujNNUpGRT4OSqnvAJwCVs6h9x7DmGhUQoxCdDVX8WYcvPKnSK-gTlM1S9h1dsPIUGjUYEUgwOw/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-33-20.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Pressing the RIGHT button toggles through the XPan lens presets, ie 90mm above.</span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLe0JnHdGid9huhJKu3fw94ctfQoqm8ET7-q94ZhV6Vr9CnEBs1F5WqMdWrgnTue63krTDPfW2XW7KsI2rcbeQR7ZFMP_0ipQScVMI6uBHuwYcfblK-exicc4Jzc1ZmLlT39dToaQKPUiFCuWIt_NAWhHS8hFmgF25S6b6TvoHWPqk2ylWjQDKY1ammA/s1920/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-33-32.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLe0JnHdGid9huhJKu3fw94ctfQoqm8ET7-q94ZhV6Vr9CnEBs1F5WqMdWrgnTue63krTDPfW2XW7KsI2rcbeQR7ZFMP_0ipQScVMI6uBHuwYcfblK-exicc4Jzc1ZmLlT39dToaQKPUiFCuWIt_NAWhHS8hFmgF25S6b6TvoHWPqk2ylWjQDKY1ammA/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-33-32.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">By using the Canon zoom you will take CPAN out of XPan mode and put it into a mode that gives you feedback on the native focal length you are at and the 35mm </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">equivalent</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1VPTEurzkwxXBZu6YkrM31XuvwkHCd9IiqSy2eSlaR0_w-p3xd_ANXM2zbHtrrn4ER2WeACWmfqMFoheLviwAbi-dxfeGD3Y0PC3dLdVw9p5fL-3s1BHLAUiiCdFcq3bzVeaGYFr1dOzbs3X_2IVPl4wSlQWpxi8xZ9QK-kDAixMYC-l_BsHDKXtXDg/s1920/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-33-50.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1VPTEurzkwxXBZu6YkrM31XuvwkHCd9IiqSy2eSlaR0_w-p3xd_ANXM2zbHtrrn4ER2WeACWmfqMFoheLviwAbi-dxfeGD3Y0PC3dLdVw9p5fL-3s1BHLAUiiCdFcq3bzVeaGYFr1dOzbs3X_2IVPl4wSlQWpxi8xZ9QK-kDAixMYC-l_BsHDKXtXDg/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-25%2011-33-50.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Pressing the RIGHT button will take the camera back into XPan mode.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">At any time you can grab an image, at the native 3:2 ratio, by pressing the SET button.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Finally, if you don't have access to a CHDK enabled camera, then using a 6x4 grid, sometimes called a G24 grid, will give you a 3:1 pano grid, by usin</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">g two </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">adjacent rows. Plus, of course, you can use the G24 grid to aid your rule of thirds compositioning.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-82885100153414138812023-03-19T08:42:00.009-07:002023-03-21T12:27:57.408-07:00Digital in-camera XPan Simulator<p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this post I'll continue the pano theme and discuss an in-camera </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Hasselblad </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">XPan simulator I've created.</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The two most iconic pano cameras from the film era are the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Hasselblad XPan, allowing a 65x24 mm negative to be captured on its 135 film, and the Fuji-film G617, with its huge </span></span></span>168x56 mm negative, using 120 film:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKKsoZz8_Ua-ef3M0k8XhBUaYRX-heWkH6ZlLoQ1TPE5_TTboB9184G5db-bw7ZsvWOG6wJQWNgg_TOO79bhpJ_QBoFzHSdsM0sLCQwrDSAQHgHJqwVnwr_2XJngSHmXDnyScACsVazrssQMOmyg_Q71L4yxmMdmlo_E-3HK9x7GXhL8IXAehQjCEnIA/s1024/$_86-689338066.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKKsoZz8_Ua-ef3M0k8XhBUaYRX-heWkH6ZlLoQ1TPE5_TTboB9184G5db-bw7ZsvWOG6wJQWNgg_TOO79bhpJ_QBoFzHSdsM0sLCQwrDSAQHgHJqwVnwr_2XJngSHmXDnyScACsVazrssQMOmyg_Q71L4yxmMdmlo_E-3HK9x7GXhL8IXAehQjCEnIA/s320/$_86-689338066.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgJJstULBxXk4zOftwB2OICUeRsJgOOwjNLSHY4ozw0jBPZsH3hfrVJvQ-0RteRg-ZJOO7QKWIm3_XGwQqKiSzdng2c02mKU-yisjqVGthEPyQF_FMsGxe1jK4xGqkO5oLnag2iR3tZfK4FzHy-es7HB-IJI_ypMKy3ZtkQayw7AAefOL8OiUcv_sSiw/s800/hassxpan2-1554407424.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgJJstULBxXk4zOftwB2OICUeRsJgOOwjNLSHY4ozw0jBPZsH3hfrVJvQ-0RteRg-ZJOO7QKWIm3_XGwQqKiSzdng2c02mKU-yisjqVGthEPyQF_FMsGxe1jK4xGqkO5oLnag2iR3tZfK4FzHy-es7HB-IJI_ypMKy3ZtkQayw7AAefOL8OiUcv_sSiw/s320/hassxpan2-1554407424.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">If you don't have either of the above cameras and only shoot digital, there are 'alternatives', that allow you to create flat stitched equivalents, at least of the XPan. The one I use, as shown in the last post, being the Fotodiox ROKR TLT, allowing me to use Mamiya 645 lenses on the EOS R, to create a flat stitched RAW of 67x24 mm, after stitching, ie slightly bigger than the XPan.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Of course the downside of shifting is that you can't visualise the full scene, ie only slices of it; which most of the time is OK, eg when surveying exposure for ETTRing.<br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Composing is a challenge, as is 'just' practising 'seeing' with a 617-eye.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">For this reason I decided to write an XPan simulator for my Canon G7X and G5X point and shoot cameras.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The simulator is written in CHDK Lua and allows me to simulate the field of view of the XPan’s 45mm and 90mm lenses. The 30mm lens of the XPan is too wide to simulate on the G7X. In addition, as the ROKR TLT is so close the XPan in aspect ratio, I added a 150mm lens to the simulator, as I have 45mm and 150mm Mamiya 645 lenses.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The script can be downloaded from the right (CPAN = Cropped XPan).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">You run the script in the usual way under CHDK.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">There are two script menu items. The first allows you to show or hide the CHDK title bar at the bottom. The second menu item allows you to add a shooting delay between 0 and 10s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The normal G7X screen looks like this:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgelOhdh05M57TU-K0uIWJD0wAo8hcfiVK_SSWECvShkXVPye2PqOifFZXCDwPviJ08OT59sK-fKOHodEgtuZLCSqvR9UZjiXZaaw9c4prH0c8UhfhKj9aPV7tt28gDyiJh2BVPuINorkOngBgWHdub2FdV-t9Hm9fpxE2ExPRzjAcxirNWdU78DXK98g/s1310/v1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="1310" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgelOhdh05M57TU-K0uIWJD0wAo8hcfiVK_SSWECvShkXVPye2PqOifFZXCDwPviJ08OT59sK-fKOHodEgtuZLCSqvR9UZjiXZaaw9c4prH0c8UhfhKj9aPV7tt28gDyiJh2BVPuINorkOngBgWHdub2FdV-t9Hm9fpxE2ExPRzjAcxirNWdU78DXK98g/s320/v1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Here we see a typical manual mode screen, with the Canon stuff switched off, ie just displaying the shutter, aperture and ISO.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Once the CPAN script is run the screen looks like this (note the following illustrations are cut and paste mock ups and not fully representative of the real camera view):</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8MfjbMQkPNKV5BY8jd7WDb19UcCFFf4DW7ra2QKxYzzeRSJ77nuUchNQWi-eCtvzDSjUV5Y080PyHz1l_UYTY_ppvBm-E9qHqiLlivV7Du2XgGEYiT17l4CUMWNMa5Qr543GVclnM5esmT5CbtgPYqUyz2G_oxIydhlcLcOvm3ekc5TbdaXwU8lI9A/s1310/v2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="1310" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8MfjbMQkPNKV5BY8jd7WDb19UcCFFf4DW7ra2QKxYzzeRSJ77nuUchNQWi-eCtvzDSjUV5Y080PyHz1l_UYTY_ppvBm-E9qHqiLlivV7Du2XgGEYiT17l4CUMWNMa5Qr543GVclnM5esmT5CbtgPYqUyz2G_oxIydhlcLcOvm3ekc5TbdaXwU8lI9A/s320/v2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Here we see the script's starting state, ie simulating an XPan 45mm lens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Fro</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">m here we can do the following:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Toggle the CHDK histogram on and off by pressing the left button. You can position the histogram to your liking in the script<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Switch between dark and transparent modes of display by pressing the top button. The transparent mode allows you to see the exposure info as you adjust it<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Toggling between 45, 90, and 150mm lens views is achieved by pressing the right button, with the script zooming appropriately</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">You can capture an image by pressing the SET button</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Exiting the script is achieved by pressing the down button</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> The following illustrates the above:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCrt4K5tz3dqu05hm4vTbYnBQWESaRgG9l3eTad1HMSEK_wunUAH2SbWwtxLgpzQ_jlLyGKYC9lB5Els5miS6c2GbH9nzlWR6di7HhYwKSGRdj8TrruvI0V-sp16z_jjRmOqGGBIuypWlsUbGBrhDysYYwIk8rkyyhbrqLVWfZ11DQPviIllWICGcBWA/s1310/v3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="1310" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCrt4K5tz3dqu05hm4vTbYnBQWESaRgG9l3eTad1HMSEK_wunUAH2SbWwtxLgpzQ_jlLyGKYC9lB5Els5miS6c2GbH9nzlWR6di7HhYwKSGRdj8TrruvI0V-sp16z_jjRmOqGGBIuypWlsUbGBrhDysYYwIk8rkyyhbrqLVWfZ11DQPviIllWICGcBWA/s320/v3.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdnZ-twHNE_9AJVpnKd5XIjLs-yKq0NYKnvp6swDxYFFbEr6W9gpcKagj8nn8QN76pUnE-i5PmH8z-P3o_S1yBo_xogLRWd-JcsObO41VX0KNX0ywO5poYPo6Vh3FCStA42K4ICFoCKGbGe-B0W0x1wY9lRLEySx8XnZ3JO_ZtYChMJdlBbI8Qo03PLA/s1310/v4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="1310" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdnZ-twHNE_9AJVpnKd5XIjLs-yKq0NYKnvp6swDxYFFbEr6W9gpcKagj8nn8QN76pUnE-i5PmH8z-P3o_S1yBo_xogLRWd-JcsObO41VX0KNX0ywO5poYPo6Vh3FCStA42K4ICFoCKGbGe-B0W0x1wY9lRLEySx8XnZ3JO_ZtYChMJdlBbI8Qo03PLA/s320/v4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGdzeIj_08xr1O0t1HNhyR6KWY4YZcnNKkySYDHlEt-35ZhWHNBV228TVCHqC391m4hVw9lWiQNT7a-2X9iK-TJiWZT0UT3EhwXfxUDmdGWFtuAiBcnmHKinokpg13evfKnV1aUJlWLDSzrexhPVArg03YBE7dz-_-5GtKA_3dPVIyvXuoYBbRIXoppQ/s1310/v5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="1310" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGdzeIj_08xr1O0t1HNhyR6KWY4YZcnNKkySYDHlEt-35ZhWHNBV228TVCHqC391m4hVw9lWiQNT7a-2X9iK-TJiWZT0UT3EhwXfxUDmdGWFtuAiBcnmHKinokpg13evfKnV1aUJlWLDSzrexhPVArg03YBE7dz-_-5GtKA_3dPVIyvXuoYBbRIXoppQ/s320/v5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Although CPAN is simply an in-camera </span><span style="font-family: arial;">XPAN field of view simulator, I added the capture capability so that you can explore 617-like post processing, as the captured image is always a G7X full image.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">As an illustration, I used the script to grab this sunset last night from the top of our house:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqJvezSQDUeKWMpAirXrsdiIdIB_Iwe4rVG84rCJYYMyW9ZKM4GX5pFiS-4mXuVRclHN9SNbiYruOU3uc0Dh3Oa0PapWxdWh8sjTmS_a90dCvVPNStHL1Nd0qKOHjaWR2F6XXJuHREKn5J_4Wnc6vIlRB9OB3jhVj44dWxRjbzGf70vudBgJoBgnSZVA/s2040/IMG_9531-CR2_DxO_DeepPRIME-2-2-sharpened.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="897" data-original-width="2040" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqJvezSQDUeKWMpAirXrsdiIdIB_Iwe4rVG84rCJYYMyW9ZKM4GX5pFiS-4mXuVRclHN9SNbiYruOU3uc0Dh3Oa0PapWxdWh8sjTmS_a90dCvVPNStHL1Nd0qKOHjaWR2F6XXJuHREKn5J_4Wnc6vIlRB9OB3jhVj44dWxRjbzGf70vudBgJoBgnSZVA/s320/IMG_9531-CR2_DxO_DeepPRIME-2-2-sharpened.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Clearly CPAN is not </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">a replacement for the XPAN or the Fotodiox ROKR TLT adapter, but it is a bit of fun, and a useful tool to help you tune your 617-eye.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></span></p><div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="pl-c"></span></span><table class="highlight tab-size js-file-line-container js-code-nav-container js-tagsearch-file" data-hpc="" data-paste-markdown-skip="" data-tab-size="8" data-tagsearch-lang="Lua" data-tagsearch-path="CPAN.lua"><tbody><tr><td class="blob-code blob-code-inner js-file-line" id="file-cpan-lua-LC5"><span class="pl-c"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></span></p></div>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-52988600175098244062023-03-11T06:38:00.007-08:002023-03-17T00:41:23.500-07:00Flat Pano Stitching with the EOS R<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In previous posts I covered how I capture digital 617-class panoramic images, using Mamiya 645 lenses, in conjunction with my EOS M cameras, using them as digital backs, and either rotational or flat stitching.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this post I'll discuss how I use my EOS R camera body with a Fotodiox Pro TLT ROKR Tilt/Shift Lens Mount Adapter, attached to my Mamiya 645 lenses:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRizK7gaCs3PzDvMAqjSUtdtYX1JNFpeUn01Jf5g7dd3YOJ9erxoN8cLOVRfRGJczFJN2Yzk7Gz-vie4jOhNtEDoiZJtosD0QOdhiEJOEp09G2BupSoXRqBYQrYM_gsoSemZdt2xOEXxa5hSEn6oS4wkuIPJArRdVSc-CNIFXFzZrugZmLtI4LAZmfsQ/s1500/81EWlxk0HLL._AC_SL1500_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1242" data-original-width="1500" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRizK7gaCs3PzDvMAqjSUtdtYX1JNFpeUn01Jf5g7dd3YOJ9erxoN8cLOVRfRGJczFJN2Yzk7Gz-vie4jOhNtEDoiZJtosD0QOdhiEJOEp09G2BupSoXRqBYQrYM_gsoSemZdt2xOEXxa5hSEn6oS4wkuIPJArRdVSc-CNIFXFzZrugZmLtI4LAZmfsQ/s320/81EWlxk0HLL._AC_SL1500_.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Placing the full frame EOS R camera in landscape mode, and shifting left and right, to the adapter's extremes, giving a total shift of 31mm, results in a near perfect 617 format after stitching. For example, this image (12450 x 4395) was taken with my 45mm Mamiya lens:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKOZ5QyLvYLxxZpsWmey3K5ccklqqxrFysZdrz5TGdG878Do7D0FpQjdtu8UAkGJe7dg0A0iwC-3CVlfuHjB5hRJLwJvqDIfOnXhQRwR4HGa2tI7dgqny2H48nJqaEaB8vQYVJUtoT9EC_9JkyZbzzNO31FxyTHFD2e8tjtMMXkyz78NLq398E16ja3Q/s12452/_A3A4196-CR3_DxO_DeepPRIME-Pano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4395" data-original-width="12452" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKOZ5QyLvYLxxZpsWmey3K5ccklqqxrFysZdrz5TGdG878Do7D0FpQjdtu8UAkGJe7dg0A0iwC-3CVlfuHjB5hRJLwJvqDIfOnXhQRwR4HGa2tI7dgqny2H48nJqaEaB8vQYVJUtoT9EC_9JkyZbzzNO31FxyTHFD2e8tjtMMXkyz78NLq398E16ja3Q/s320/_A3A4196-CR3_DxO_DeepPRIME-Pano.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <br /></span></span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">If required it is a simple matter to extend the capture vertically by tilting (I used my Acra-Swiss d4 geared head in this case), to capture six images, ie two rows of three:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDs7_66enU7-MJDlSKfP9TwJF3lJfO1Cb2h3ZZTdTpTp6wVlEUybicwU03iFySjCtahjmhJhimWxWdDl8K7bqY2AEL6-Hib9H60FSpIqxpxjYtshQPPhMxR_s08A4fVtat5ao98-_VXXlmj3Go5Dvyjvf86D92S7yFgapBQ_oCpS7ZZYYIvg_Q6X9TnQ/s9139/_A3A4205-CR3_DxO_DeepPRIME-Pano-2-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5712" data-original-width="9139" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDs7_66enU7-MJDlSKfP9TwJF3lJfO1Cb2h3ZZTdTpTp6wVlEUybicwU03iFySjCtahjmhJhimWxWdDl8K7bqY2AEL6-Hib9H60FSpIqxpxjYtshQPPhMxR_s08A4fVtat5ao98-_VXXlmj3Go5Dvyjvf86D92S7yFgapBQ_oCpS7ZZYYIvg_Q6X9TnQ/s320/_A3A4205-CR3_DxO_DeepPRIME-Pano-2-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">This (non-pano) medium format class image, taken with my Mamiya 150mm lens, ended up at 9139 x 5712.</span></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">So there you have it, there are multiple ways to capture digital 645 image sets, for stitching in post, to achieve various formats. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts. <br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></p></div>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-1465492837411082332023-03-06T08:51:00.002-08:002023-03-06T09:58:59.213-08:00St Mary the Virgin<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">In this short post I'm just going to show another field trip image using my EoSM 'Medium Format' Mamiya 617 Pano Stitching Camera.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto">The
location was St Mary the Virgin, in Silchester, a 15 min drive from where we live.</span></span></p><p><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Silchester, has its origins as Calleva, a centre of the
Iron Age Atrebates tribe from the late 1st century BC. After the Roman
conquest of AD 43 it became the large and important town of Calleva
Atrebatum. Unlike most Roman towns, it was never reoccupied or built
over after <span></span>it was abandoned in the 6th
or 7th century, so archaeological investigations have given an
unusually complete picture of its development. </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto">The
earliest walls of St Mary the Virgin are from the beginning of the 12th
century. The present building is not more than about 900 years old.
About 1100 years before that the Romans came. Some consider that the
excavated remains of one building in the old Roman Town may be
interpreted as a place for Christian worship dating from about 340AD,
though this cannot be certain.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto">As for the image, I took two rows of three landscape orientated images, having first ETTRed for the brightest part of the scene. The final cropped 617 file is 14199x5011 in size. I went for a simple, record shot, 'look' in the toning ;-)<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizoUnCJqhA6aD-6AJcCTWXQIKWtuf-FEkxO79EOmq5uIGVddKGS3m6BxRveRs_kA9_COs-Ssz7U-0zgFBYavPg4EKBR6OpU4pqJ82vOcA25zEwBoOswfAHbIZOulPDWHFTBO55VDSuv2xgVY7-9KLLLz5xwEh8hSpvKrrSHfDRC7AVBSSNy7FjFQIvug/s14199/St%20Marys.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5011" data-original-width="14199" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizoUnCJqhA6aD-6AJcCTWXQIKWtuf-FEkxO79EOmq5uIGVddKGS3m6BxRveRs_kA9_COs-Ssz7U-0zgFBYavPg4EKBR6OpU4pqJ82vOcA25zEwBoOswfAHbIZOulPDWHFTBO55VDSuv2xgVY7-9KLLLz5xwEh8hSpvKrrSHfDRC7AVBSSNy7FjFQIvug/s320/St%20Marys.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto">As usual I welcome any comments or feedback on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><br /></span></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-2564176794082150882023-03-04T06:16:00.003-08:002023-03-04T07:28:41.503-08:00Field testing the 617 Stitching Camera<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the last post I discussed my poor man's Alpa 12 Pano set up, ie at a 50th of the price of the Alpa camera system, albeit not at the same quality ;-)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In this post I'll discuss how I took an image on a recent field trip.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In addition to the equipment discussed before, I also took my iPad with me (I don't have an iPhone) with the Viewfinder Preview <a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/viewfinder-preview/id1216484605" target="_blank">App</a>, which helps me survey the scene at the correct aspect, ie 617.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In addition, by taking an image of the scene in the App, I'm able to geo tag the location:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv22bijay4ZFUUlQZ9GamGrK0SIgEFWfhD4ZtmlvnkmpLNIRx35E8me6yn_HE9XPSlpKGyd7rWzc4ps9e7DOif3tXsJHV1A3NtRSNdN7Q5CvphGXO2xnso4OHAgSeIEF0M7jRz0b73amMJGfIjhn9HhhclKS-3cecodXZvP5GnQHKGzWEPDS4Pb37tSg/s2224/image08.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2224" data-original-width="1668" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv22bijay4ZFUUlQZ9GamGrK0SIgEFWfhD4ZtmlvnkmpLNIRx35E8me6yn_HE9XPSlpKGyd7rWzc4ps9e7DOif3tXsJHV1A3NtRSNdN7Q5CvphGXO2xnso4OHAgSeIEF0M7jRz0b73amMJGfIjhn9HhhclKS-3cecodXZvP5GnQHKGzWEPDS4Pb37tSg/s320/image08.png" width="240" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg7Q7pj1o6kwckkmnrkZGSVZ6q5QGdGXhlsgm7sH97U-6x_iuBgLwGZh2Lv3un_yasq4D75bBQao5gWYN_1_RsT5qfqvbCLtURaWywpjAfPIefHjE0NLmwW0t_9fmegCInblzPypmmr67RqEDC5PX7qHMH30-EA-rIzm56PQ3Rke7yCEf6pAXRkxVsmw/s2224/image09.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2224" data-original-width="1668" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg7Q7pj1o6kwckkmnrkZGSVZ6q5QGdGXhlsgm7sH97U-6x_iuBgLwGZh2Lv3un_yasq4D75bBQao5gWYN_1_RsT5qfqvbCLtURaWywpjAfPIefHjE0NLmwW0t_9fmegCInblzPypmmr67RqEDC5PX7qHMH30-EA-rIzm56PQ3Rke7yCEf6pAXRkxVsmw/w150-h200/image09.png" width="150" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Having decided the composition and the choice of lens, ie 45mm in this case, I'll carry out an exposure survey across the 6 images, ie two rows of three, and set an ETTR exposure for the brightest image, at the aperture of choice, ie f/11 in this case. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">I set a two second delay (I could have used a wireless remote if the camera allowed this) and captured my bracket set.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">After ingesting into Lightroom, I first pre processed the images in PureRAW II:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-JqnkjTlSM9YManVsoB8TRS6rlvuEn8wlSPejyPHLwlysLDelDn2lzj9MSlqeVeXQx8lDotgtHm-ven1WI0etmSfNZMlqPKs-M0kouaBaGrgVW5IB16QAFA56zdigDWF6tqKrYl_EOFnXpmtD5cVa-pGvvsQ0oYv7Lrs2HLND4fAAS-F3aKNTsgTxeQ/s2554/Screenshot%202023-03-04%20140336.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="2554" height="55" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-JqnkjTlSM9YManVsoB8TRS6rlvuEn8wlSPejyPHLwlysLDelDn2lzj9MSlqeVeXQx8lDotgtHm-ven1WI0etmSfNZMlqPKs-M0kouaBaGrgVW5IB16QAFA56zdigDWF6tqKrYl_EOFnXpmtD5cVa-pGvvsQ0oYv7Lrs2HLND4fAAS-F3aKNTsgTxeQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-03-04%20140336.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">I then let Lightroom create the panorama, and straighten and cropped the image, to a 11546 x 4075 size in this case.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">As you can see below my composition was a little out, so I missed the building on the right: a lesson for the future, ie check the left and right image extremes, and take a few steps back!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Finally, after a little bit of toning I ended up with the following pano (note I didn't bother cleaning up the image and cloning out the people ;-)):</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmFfhTo3-KxrkBCD6BjLvdsyb4uq8gF4IPori3KzCysev7daMeqMlqQIVoyToxbVPYTZ0jjBVD9ksxjX5_USQEKMqt9GlgfrqgDT2CVpM6Zc9tBRYwpLSz5zz4WcccdmMZQxg5ppKd-IpsrV9WtboBignN78oPIJj1h1OXR9yPhOrhUMKOCgscIxPL4g/s11546/_MG_8269-CR2_DxO_DeepPRIME-Pano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4075" data-original-width="11546" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmFfhTo3-KxrkBCD6BjLvdsyb4uq8gF4IPori3KzCysev7daMeqMlqQIVoyToxbVPYTZ0jjBVD9ksxjX5_USQEKMqt9GlgfrqgDT2CVpM6Zc9tBRYwpLSz5zz4WcccdmMZQxg5ppKd-IpsrV9WtboBignN78oPIJj1h1OXR9yPhOrhUMKOCgscIxPL4g/s320/_MG_8269-CR2_DxO_DeepPRIME-Pano.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">As usual I welcome and comments or feedback on yhis post or any of my posts.<br /><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-47817334067053695982023-03-03T08:54:00.006-08:002023-03-03T22:50:25.413-08:00Flat Stitched 617 Digital Panos<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the last few posts I've discussed how I approach achieving a 617-style panoramic image by the use of rotation and/or shifting, eg with my 24mm TSE lens. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In this post, I'll discuss how I achieve full flat stitching, which results in near zero image-to-image distortion and no need to worry about locating the entrance pupil's location.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Before discussing how I do it, let's cut to the chase and say how you should do it: that is go out and buy into this solution:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBizBxNCLbHmCbJbG7jZjJspF09ooYk64GJ4Ytu3o4Hs7FuvDJCqp9UhShVZtURu8eA5Prm_UY99F-4uZ9_Rx1HnmqKkdLTy3fkb3K8IyU2vYd7RTn3aBRkNrbHWnDku0dwkbpznLajC_p6ayXrrdLzFYTgsg9FE6JjkD53L18A6BBnHsALZEXxoOPQ/s1785/5fdeb9f9a13425262b8721c1_008830.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1785" data-original-width="1716" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBizBxNCLbHmCbJbG7jZjJspF09ooYk64GJ4Ytu3o4Hs7FuvDJCqp9UhShVZtURu8eA5Prm_UY99F-4uZ9_Rx1HnmqKkdLTy3fkb3K8IyU2vYd7RTn3aBRkNrbHWnDku0dwkbpznLajC_p6ayXrrdLzFYTgsg9FE6JjkD53L18A6BBnHsALZEXxoOPQ/s320/5fdeb9f9a13425262b8721c1_008830.jpg" width="308" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />That is buy an Alpa 12 Pano and, of course, a Phase One IQ4 150 back, which, with a couple of suitable lenses, will set you back some $50,000 or more. </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">OK, like me you most probably can't afford $50k, so the question is: can we have some fun at the other end of the affordability scale?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">My starting point is a suitable tripod and, as I wish to travel lightish, I'm drawn to the Peak Design Carbon Fibre Travel Tripod, as it comes with a built in levelling capability: so I don't need to buy a additional levelling base. Plus, of course, I’ve already got it ;-)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV3TfXo-ryU88QzYzsjx1kNWGDmqKKxy_92kyHIufCeSPwWmm8QtDSKtKvRPF93f3yp1jjv6BpzcUw2LC-eZRCZigdfBVvQ8shrYu25xeJEv_0e9eSh_SRkpUCRKZP-26bsgFtUo7XgHpq1NE2_l1C9ZSJ9-qiY8JgD_hr2xzcZYLHKDz9u30tNmqKxQ/s1024/TTC-7_1024x1024.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV3TfXo-ryU88QzYzsjx1kNWGDmqKKxy_92kyHIufCeSPwWmm8QtDSKtKvRPF93f3yp1jjv6BpzcUw2LC-eZRCZigdfBVvQ8shrYu25xeJEv_0e9eSh_SRkpUCRKZP-26bsgFtUo7XgHpq1NE2_l1C9ZSJ9-qiY8JgD_hr2xzcZYLHKDz9u30tNmqKxQ/s320/TTC-7_1024x1024.webp" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">The next part of the solution is to fit a panning base, which, ideally, should have variable click settings. The one I have chosen is the Andover PAN-60H:</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5fIdIbLWAn8cAfTTyGkaQP2SKEOcPMHayNbF0agpYFboPher6eOwjQeaPzAJVNsuC01OYcJkfzYOuQb3T5zow4ljptFQM_slKnMqZSRTMyCCutrMo3iE6ZgOw_T-mCzL9bXXi9B_WHizTeG79ptYfY13Q76Bbv3twhyBUH-qNmYBVgX9B0A6KnriWmQ/s858/61UQd43DTWL._AC_SL1000_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="858" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5fIdIbLWAn8cAfTTyGkaQP2SKEOcPMHayNbF0agpYFboPher6eOwjQeaPzAJVNsuC01OYcJkfzYOuQb3T5zow4ljptFQM_slKnMqZSRTMyCCutrMo3iE6ZgOw_T-mCzL9bXXi9B_WHizTeG79ptYfY13Q76Bbv3twhyBUH-qNmYBVgX9B0A6KnriWmQ/s320/61UQd43DTWL._AC_SL1000_.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">The above, with the tripod, gives me the ability to establish a level panning plane, irrespective of the tripod orientation, so I can rotate my camera in the landscape and know I'm level. To complete things I then add a Sirui L-10 tilt head, giving me full control of composition:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPGnXkrN0deaycIAdHQyt3gFcFGJM78w7VjySrAH6UfHvXs3AbK7t2FPBPANpW7yRKB6M5Vfj05EVySf8aysCUyJTV-X0ewiZZI1gwbRDyfpw2W_zYrVCHxPDDyrhT8y-Jf_ypsDTJ0XptSdaRlUAShDN0h6MNiZXy4KZVl54Oow_DzM8HqZnzbX5Q4Q/s823/sirui-l-10-monopod-tilt-head-3_720x-3543804504.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="823" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPGnXkrN0deaycIAdHQyt3gFcFGJM78w7VjySrAH6UfHvXs3AbK7t2FPBPANpW7yRKB6M5Vfj05EVySf8aysCUyJTV-X0ewiZZI1gwbRDyfpw2W_zYrVCHxPDDyrhT8y-Jf_ypsDTJ0XptSdaRlUAShDN0h6MNiZXy4KZVl54Oow_DzM8HqZnzbX5Q4Q/s320/sirui-l-10-monopod-tilt-head-3_720x-3543804504.jpg" width="280" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Finally, I now need to consider the camera and the lenses. First, l’ll replace the Alpa 12 Pano with something a little bit more affordable: a Fotodiox Vizelex RhinoCam, in my case for Canon EOS M Cameras and Mamiya 645 Lenses:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgebqgH0515XNLYeTspP5MEPLNdhk4jxMdMoaw1HQImQ5LTaEbPruq8PCbjQ3QKI3hB96RNkMn-rwrIkDUmo8DhHvueZNb5a6rLOFjjXJ_6rUuEBkhJBvxQAs02PpBfsAMeUz0rCNYsr6na6m_2kpf557vNUu-ATQvl3jLTl1lKws_k-sF4HEGS0N-ngA/s1000/615TueMUUdL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="1000" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgebqgH0515XNLYeTspP5MEPLNdhk4jxMdMoaw1HQImQ5LTaEbPruq8PCbjQ3QKI3hB96RNkMn-rwrIkDUmo8DhHvueZNb5a6rLOFjjXJ_6rUuEBkhJBvxQAs02PpBfsAMeUz0rCNYsr6na6m_2kpf557vNUu-ATQvl3jLTl1lKws_k-sF4HEGS0N-ngA/s320/615TueMUUdL.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">As for an alternative to the Phase One IQ4 back, I use two (secondhand) EOS-Ms and have one converted to InfraRed, at a 720nm cut:</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY3yxOxBwgvySudKlFHWeSiV5q61wuSZDFMgo9uwTP1RuImysrxtToperWbpPs9MdsMFlFz31r8ZHD5LkXpfVr0VL49-VN77A7PLnlINCXtupZXu8EXU3bsN5-tlxsa8nT1TlRiLlj20Yzdg9DHVUxW3yrIa4M8HDZ_Rkm9OZwj1_6xZiupPe06bEjmQ/s1600/EOS_M_black_upper_front-hero-3540712923.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY3yxOxBwgvySudKlFHWeSiV5q61wuSZDFMgo9uwTP1RuImysrxtToperWbpPs9MdsMFlFz31r8ZHD5LkXpfVr0VL49-VN77A7PLnlINCXtupZXu8EXU3bsN5-tlxsa8nT1TlRiLlj20Yzdg9DHVUxW3yrIa4M8HDZ_Rkm9OZwj1_6xZiupPe06bEjmQ/s320/EOS_M_black_upper_front-hero-3540712923.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Finally, having decided to use Mamiya 645 ecosystem lenses, I acquired three secondhand, near mint, lenses from eBay at 35mm, 45mm and 150m, eg:<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9uC9SVHKPENrVQ0x9ZoXg9D_RQUfYohq8-bgcBBs-uAt_ZzRvIY_kwg-q7snPLo9YjaengeZfJEs7M1m3mvMn_wXSphCGSRfwptZ3LNPqPkACIRIZQ4MOU3W_Q2Sph-QCTUi_-WFv_FYBfWI7lj9bPsmXP-7jbGHAFwSXBO-rD4D3f4GjDPpxYRWmmQ/s1920/5fb774254bf37-2473664077.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="1920" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9uC9SVHKPENrVQ0x9ZoXg9D_RQUfYohq8-bgcBBs-uAt_ZzRvIY_kwg-q7snPLo9YjaengeZfJEs7M1m3mvMn_wXSphCGSRfwptZ3LNPqPkACIRIZQ4MOU3W_Q2Sph-QCTUi_-WFv_FYBfWI7lj9bPsmXP-7jbGHAFwSXBO-rD4D3f4GjDPpxYRWmmQ/s320/5fb774254bf37-2473664077.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">The final 'rig' looking like this:</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6q7cUr160zrxAyvm-OvMNO7kUVuDjKZsbEX3c5p8fTjvRoD_Y8b_wkpJm-SBkiRqRWfjg1-gdpbDNQ-MXaPUG7squAeyuiOWnlV9Kja2LznH5iaTeHsFws2HtJ3VE0c3qbS082kU2B1sZXb8peCgiqKqkALKqVtMjchvsViZT0HVcMJDFrY8A4-wcw/s4032/image0.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6q7cUr160zrxAyvm-OvMNO7kUVuDjKZsbEX3c5p8fTjvRoD_Y8b_wkpJm-SBkiRqRWfjg1-gdpbDNQ-MXaPUG7squAeyuiOWnlV9Kja2LznH5iaTeHsFws2HtJ3VE0c3qbS082kU2B1sZXb8peCgiqKqkALKqVtMjchvsViZT0HVcMJDFrY8A4-wcw/s320/image0.jpeg" width="240" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvcLUltT9Ul9AkpzlZYwbwy3cuEGnxKMgL9bAJYanjyJMCymNyrguUIPQjaH5HXZKMtKxlp9GFQS_8OOJZ0eg4q5O_6anRPqGWW8_fBZvu-1OxyxRt2UAdnohdurc0-IiBwGSx-W0ciszZEL3uBr1KrnfCoasyw4SFFAMrwoNfOPUXfKSRcPIzbeN1Yw/s4032/image1.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvcLUltT9Ul9AkpzlZYwbwy3cuEGnxKMgL9bAJYanjyJMCymNyrguUIPQjaH5HXZKMtKxlp9GFQS_8OOJZ0eg4q5O_6anRPqGWW8_fBZvu-1OxyxRt2UAdnohdurc0-IiBwGSx-W0ciszZEL3uBr1KrnfCoasyw4SFFAMrwoNfOPUXfKSRcPIzbeN1Yw/s320/image1.jpeg" width="240" /></a><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <br /></span></span></div></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">As my intention in this post was only to introduce my really poor man’s version of the Alpa 12 Pano system, I’ll draw this post to a close, but end with a glance into what can be achieved using this fully flat stitching solution - in this case using my IR digital back with the 45mm lens:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDc6BTMqx5LsJBF1_wYTtl6DRUuiib2x4emoylCSXOeLDgmmh2lvo8vk9KGsJLropVA30ca6BKiKQdgqHwieRNDpgOsQL_lM8hRC0Gf7okGFUQKzNuKYFjpoLw919nDs0PH41K8i1gPkw3PJI9UREq1EknSmfglWBgDCn6f583YuykJvNkTCz-kiNgQ/s13243/IMG_7711-CR2_DxO_DeepPRIME-Pano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4674" data-original-width="13243" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDc6BTMqx5LsJBF1_wYTtl6DRUuiib2x4emoylCSXOeLDgmmh2lvo8vk9KGsJLropVA30ca6BKiKQdgqHwieRNDpgOsQL_lM8hRC0Gf7okGFUQKzNuKYFjpoLw919nDs0PH41K8i1gPkw3PJI9UREq1EknSmfglWBgDCn6f583YuykJvNkTCz-kiNgQ/s320/IMG_7711-CR2_DxO_DeepPRIME-Pano.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">After taking two rows of three images, pano stitching them in Lightroom, cropping to a 617 format, I ended up with a digital image file that was 13243x4674, which is equivalent to having a single sensor that was some 70 mm x 25 mm.<br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-91500840934526581302023-02-13T08:59:00.003-08:002023-02-13T14:33:51.285-08:00617 Panos: another take<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the last post I showed one capture workflow to arrive at a <span><span><span>65x24mm sensor image. In this short post I'll show another way:</span></span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><span>Centre and level the composition and capture the central image at 0mm shift</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Shift the lens to 12mm (assuming landscape orientation) and capture the 2nd image<br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><span>Using the pano head, rotate the camera by 15 degrees and capture the 3rd image</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><span>Take the shift 12mm the other way and rotate the camera back to 0 degrees and capture the 4th image</span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>Finally rotate the camera by 15 degrees the other way for the 5th image<br /></span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span>After post processing as before, you end up with the following 617 image. This one at 12320x4348:</span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span></span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRb8favBIdoUS4mYnycXW_5lFi8o2y6gEdRyC_3gWPHIz74NWbkecsJ0qTegSCVBYteP5Crppn0zHe81PlB_K5eV4nMwQX1aoLvS9wUCsngqQqOGBaHC3H7Pwj0gr5uUXLGMhfNjO_n851gHTHXXEEQQPG87PN_dcidFHw6JogA3P60OgJLfFzc37Qg/s12320/uuu.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4348" data-original-width="12320" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRb8favBIdoUS4mYnycXW_5lFi8o2y6gEdRyC_3gWPHIz74NWbkecsJ0qTegSCVBYteP5Crppn0zHe81PlB_K5eV4nMwQX1aoLvS9wUCsngqQqOGBaHC3H7Pwj0gr5uUXLGMhfNjO_n851gHTHXXEEQQPG87PN_dcidFHw6JogA3P60OgJLfFzc37Qg/s320/uuu.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoLyevZ42aNRs58TlLDLIeAioYwVwxzvqn7qq4-arJPfQUVu25Rk44q6-iCJKNZiui7pl2_7nzA0QX2yaIqNNIWjyh869ao6htqYiwylFYKa1PERmoJyA3_9YAtLcgV2gVg05I4ExJKy7r-X9GLu3uL_DefDVan-3XAhbDrWsITGU8hjp0gxxGJ0e6sQ/s12320/uuu.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: arial;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.</span><br /></span></span><p></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-53877057470637234652023-02-12T05:30:00.026-08:002023-02-21T15:47:46.941-08:00Near perfect digital 617 Panoramas<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Ahead of a talk I'm due to give on digital panorama photography, I thought I would write a short post on some of the technology I use to capture the 'classic' 17x6 format pano.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Although I'm limiting my talk to digital photography, one has to mention the dedicated pano film cameras that are available, eg the </span><span>Hasselblad XPan, with its 65x24 mm 35mm negative film, and the Fujifilm G617, with a </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;">168x56 mm 120 film negative size.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc6I87V01g2OlZ6j_izbcWA1Q4y-zuHL3tuEVGDb7fzhbAa8LQXLQh8XQ7nDAA4AJp-QMR_64XC84IkTuW5C6jNSpeqWYwXNA3dHUij2SGDVgrgr6ZWvv7Mrr5TbPqgNF0uiLEiazzu_OsGCh1Pzfio1c1-wWUiShNlNa3wtX5aAq1ov3T-6wCVUeqUQ/s800/hassxpan2-1554407424.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc6I87V01g2OlZ6j_izbcWA1Q4y-zuHL3tuEVGDb7fzhbAa8LQXLQh8XQ7nDAA4AJp-QMR_64XC84IkTuW5C6jNSpeqWYwXNA3dHUij2SGDVgrgr6ZWvv7Mrr5TbPqgNF0uiLEiazzu_OsGCh1Pzfio1c1-wWUiShNlNa3wtX5aAq1ov3T-6wCVUeqUQ/s320/hassxpan2-1554407424.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizylLA_iTQvqoraKThhgYRsiSm3oLR1N09LJUfKkF75cDjvHtEyd659RkZLJ4Lw-dBLXSHvZF5lrh3cDLAgZkd7DIKb05VlmuKdzcNzJL1ncfn2GYbMpks3F8Gmc-CeBzpz5W7jDHqCWVVw8EPfNBQy7iwbIkwiTxFy0zFA2DFg_Pr2145g8Zsl0S-sQ/s1024/$_86-689338066.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizylLA_iTQvqoraKThhgYRsiSm3oLR1N09LJUfKkF75cDjvHtEyd659RkZLJ4Lw-dBLXSHvZF5lrh3cDLAgZkd7DIKb05VlmuKdzcNzJL1ncfn2GYbMpks3F8Gmc-CeBzpz5W7jDHqCWVVw8EPfNBQy7iwbIkwiTxFy0zFA2DFg_Pr2145g8Zsl0S-sQ/s320/$_86-689338066.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br />To achieve the 617 look and maximise the sensor capture size with my 35mm EOS R camera, I make use of several pieces of technology, to maximise shifting, rather than only rotating: a Mamiya 645 35mm, 45mm or 150mm lens, with a Fotodiox shift adapter on my EOS R; or a 24mm TS-E.</span></span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In this post I’ll discuss the Canon 24mm TS-E lens:</span><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL1ig5akVtRY-pwpypyFRh69zwCuQJXl9_NdZxlErRi9GwcE7uKSBAeje7cCIsRQv1HzEv6oGNB1YUFmqn20hjkAE9pgMj1e4Cuk1jkiFN-bjrYVTj0YVRpwptuie9TCLO-bJvbnhdAnAH4EEw20BVn-paADqsfKyZ1uLoYLyYgplRS30ujitag1i9WA/s1696/7283720%20(19%20of%2027).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="1696" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL1ig5akVtRY-pwpypyFRh69zwCuQJXl9_NdZxlErRi9GwcE7uKSBAeje7cCIsRQv1HzEv6oGNB1YUFmqn20hjkAE9pgMj1e4Cuk1jkiFN-bjrYVTj0YVRpwptuie9TCLO-bJvbnhdAnAH4EEw20BVn-paADqsfKyZ1uLoYLyYgplRS30ujitag1i9WA/s320/7283720%20(19%20of%2027).jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>I then mount this into a PocketPANO tilt & shift frame with a matched pano rotator head, that ensures the entrance pupil is correctly located:</span></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgo2e8Vfp5MQWWCRrV4ZpQqaA0hy_OhFrSu8ct-Q5Awqyeoqmlul3lJWtM8DPe8SYcF0enqyZpJplq5lUD_xHzf1O9GUyGPXn3krPoyFX4xJTosgEdxs5k7krcNz2lU4cWB6NVNRSTyaWFNsGotCAGHljltN5k1Y_n-6fyrxO3tJD_60k6Ii3h1ZB5dQ/s1280/image-783136271.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="884" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgo2e8Vfp5MQWWCRrV4ZpQqaA0hy_OhFrSu8ct-Q5Awqyeoqmlul3lJWtM8DPe8SYcF0enqyZpJplq5lUD_xHzf1O9GUyGPXn3krPoyFX4xJTosgEdxs5k7krcNz2lU4cWB6NVNRSTyaWFNsGotCAGHljltN5k1Y_n-6fyrxO3tJD_60k6Ii3h1ZB5dQ/s320/image-783136271.jpg" width="221" /></a></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><br /><br />Adding the two together results in the following arrangement, here shown with a 17mm TS-E and a Sony camera:</span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsxAeaLkaP4DNWfIB901ly2sZqEFJhS6772WvIe-ff5Wo9yXPfeYWarC3J_S65H3ZzUAUtCa5ff5F3yIZY3mzVMJSRezu8A6FtDa4MtJlO2WpnVP21fVNxk6pX8JPRmP0328z2eYk_9YdbyG9ik_zHn_IXiPuN9p-Azw5NBDzOBDmILsOPVL3tF_8Ayg/s555/pocketpano-rear-shift-adapter-canon-ts-e-17mm-24mm-ts-e-frame-199749076.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="555" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsxAeaLkaP4DNWfIB901ly2sZqEFJhS6772WvIe-ff5Wo9yXPfeYWarC3J_S65H3ZzUAUtCa5ff5F3yIZY3mzVMJSRezu8A6FtDa4MtJlO2WpnVP21fVNxk6pX8JPRmP0328z2eYk_9YdbyG9ik_zHn_IXiPuN9p-Azw5NBDzOBDmILsOPVL3tF_8Ayg/s320/pocketpano-rear-shift-adapter-canon-ts-e-17mm-24mm-ts-e-frame-199749076.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>Finally, I mount the lens, camera and rotator head on an Acra-Swiss d4 geared head, that is using it as a very expensive levelling base :-)</span></span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMBfKEPc_8nmuPP0xgpK_3r-VH8cjOFWE9o_7dprZaa76ud_0fL09sFWnGMk1E4ACn0MHV4grxVTJvbGef_XgpkNP2cXvXRnl7GYkS90_oVgVazeFgwhzV80ZQDyIQT6R7pVHQnX96iNZHoutEkgRmFcxEka6McAa4ej4ibvHFTaP8p_PsWtyMldVMxg/s2500/arca_swiss_870103_d4_monoball_fix_geared_966748-785887904.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2500" data-original-width="2500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMBfKEPc_8nmuPP0xgpK_3r-VH8cjOFWE9o_7dprZaa76ud_0fL09sFWnGMk1E4ACn0MHV4grxVTJvbGef_XgpkNP2cXvXRnl7GYkS90_oVgVazeFgwhzV80ZQDyIQT6R7pVHQnX96iNZHoutEkgRmFcxEka6McAa4ej4ibvHFTaP8p_PsWtyMldVMxg/s320/arca_swiss_870103_d4_monoball_fix_geared_966748-785887904.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><br /></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Alternatively, I could use my Acratech GXP ball head, in its levelling mode:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuQ5PVNqhOVWTtd1g_BgyLM2WfkBORdVzY49spiEGH4UpXNhzmCBFnqM2Yx9OUxmlC1uGyyFd1AiTZczGF0-Tvz7eb694WQgfpSBue1D9HJI28GyRehijpdPJ8VzeEC3sw3wvhSXvCyoSp-vrDg7P_eeEFMX00mOgo6BFrqHzmbNViuZx2Z2F_UGjvUw/s675/E3645063-3A32-4426-88B3-0D43D3C21D01.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="548" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuQ5PVNqhOVWTtd1g_BgyLM2WfkBORdVzY49spiEGH4UpXNhzmCBFnqM2Yx9OUxmlC1uGyyFd1AiTZczGF0-Tvz7eb694WQgfpSBue1D9HJI28GyRehijpdPJ8VzeEC3sw3wvhSXvCyoSp-vrDg7P_eeEFMX00mOgo6BFrqHzmbNViuZx2Z2F_UGjvUw/s320/E3645063-3A32-4426-88B3-0D43D3C21D01.jpeg" width="260" /></a></div></span><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>The above gives me the ability to use the camera in landscape or portrait mode and achieve 617 capture with minimal perspective problems.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>As for capture, there is no 'best' way, but one way is to use the following 5 image capture workflow, using both rotation and shift in the same row:</span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>Centre and level the composition and capture the central image at 0mm shift<br /></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>Using the pano head, rotate the camera to the right by 1, 2 or 3 times 15 degree inncrements, ie 15 or 30 or 45 degrees (note this rotation can/should be restricted to 30 degrees if the camera is in portrait orientation) and capture the 2nd image<br /></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>Without rotating the camera, shift it by 12mm and capture the third image</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>Zero the shift and rotate the camera 15 or 30 or 45 degrees, from the center, in the other direction, and capture the fourth image</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>Finally, without rotating the camera, shift by 12mm to capture the fifth image</span></span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial;">An alternative to the above is to use shift vertically and rotation horizontally, ie two rows.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>The following test shot in my garden, using a 30 degree rotation in landscape orientation, shows the five image landscape orientation set using horizontal shift and rotation:</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQCTBXifewDEbw8X94PaJGnTq75J5WS2vbI6lmYpKZBQGjCvFmHJTkrrd4KiavZvvzpN5brooelkmNc3v2WX7UHPcdEnvG8J_n2VKB4z_rXoLlHu7n9lg2uyWSoAiML7lcW7e1cRjHA4hFTx0SrKdy7szrN6n4QVlhT6VwBToy3_qg2DZ8igOTi4z5QQ/s2572/Screenshot%202023-02-12%20131450.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="2572" height="65" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQCTBXifewDEbw8X94PaJGnTq75J5WS2vbI6lmYpKZBQGjCvFmHJTkrrd4KiavZvvzpN5brooelkmNc3v2WX7UHPcdEnvG8J_n2VKB4z_rXoLlHu7n9lg2uyWSoAiML7lcW7e1cRjHA4hFTx0SrKdy7szrN6n4QVlhT6VwBToy3_qg2DZ8igOTi4z5QQ/s320/Screenshot%202023-02-12%20131450.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>After pano processing with PTGui, undertaking a little bit of clean up and toning in Lightroom, the image was cropped to the 617 format, resulting in a panorama with 12371x3897 pixels. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1t7Wy5KvoA9zZF7hhmcyZwK13AUdOAkzXd1mCc1SJzcIVX-XXUhGq4qLwk8SVfNIrhoiTA29ckrEfUxqC_poblyABp1Ph1771ePuF0_LOtZ5b0GbbrRbJ8lxuoKcNBNcNaqfK9LVG-Y49CXOCwljrLkjtvZ0FyosPzfra1nVV-v7Oga_U9jEtd2kSA/s12371/ttt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3897" data-original-width="12371" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1t7Wy5KvoA9zZF7hhmcyZwK13AUdOAkzXd1mCc1SJzcIVX-XXUhGq4qLwk8SVfNIrhoiTA29ckrEfUxqC_poblyABp1Ph1771ePuF0_LOtZ5b0GbbrRbJ8lxuoKcNBNcNaqfK9LVG-Y49CXOCwljrLkjtvZ0FyosPzfra1nVV-v7Oga_U9jEtd2kSA/s320/ttt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span></span></div><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span>As usual I welcome any feedback on this post or any of my posts.<br /></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span> </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><br /></span></span></span></p><div><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></p></div></div>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-42275923010672084672023-01-20T04:05:00.010-08:002023-02-05T22:35:07.315-08:00Post Processing for Deep, Wide & High Dynamic Landscapes<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the last post I discussed a few rules of thumb that I use to capture wide angle landscape images, that require multiple brackets for focus and dynamic range. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rather than capture exposure brackets at each focus station, my prefered approach is to focus bracket for the foreground at a single exposure and then, when I'm focused at infinity, capture one or two exposures for the sky.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">In this short post I'll discuss how I post process the resultant bracket set.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">The following is a test capture that I did in my garden. I used a Canon M3, at an 11mm focal length, with an f/6.3 aperture, at ISO 100. As I was using my M3, I also used my auto bracketing Lua script to capture the required image set from the minimum focus distance through to infinity:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk943t8dYPLLS-GjRlhTXy5tJMDwQ1gtKFe8XklgFVj8PtIU0IhwXoEKs_MayabSta_Y1mOq0YF6sje0zpiNStuLiPEBSAjY3g1i5zxkd9h9Z2tneMJdFrLNH8JYwt0qkLwzDLETDHzDZjcXTRhDTrMvl68JNOKyIsfLI9wWtdcILOB4denbMm7PUdag/s2566/Screenshot%202023-01-20%20112545.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="2566" height="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk943t8dYPLLS-GjRlhTXy5tJMDwQ1gtKFe8XklgFVj8PtIU0IhwXoEKs_MayabSta_Y1mOq0YF6sje0zpiNStuLiPEBSAjY3g1i5zxkd9h9Z2tneMJdFrLNH8JYwt0qkLwzDLETDHzDZjcXTRhDTrMvl68JNOKyIsfLI9wWtdcILOB4denbMm7PUdag/s320/Screenshot%202023-01-20%20112545.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">As can be seen, the script took seven focus brackets for the foreground at 1/15s, out to around three times the hyperfocal, ie infinity; and one infinity exposure for the sky at 1/100s.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">The post processing workflow that I use as my base approach, eg I won't necessarily follow every step, every time, goes like this:</span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ingest the image set into lightroom</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pre-porocess with DXO PureRaw 2 (or another RAW processor, eg Lightroom) if required<br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Adjust one of the foreground images, ready for focus bracketing, and sync with the other foreground images</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Export the foreground images to your focus stacking software, eg Helicon Focus, Zerene Stacker or Photoshop</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Focus blend the foreground images and, if required, export to Photoshop<br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Back in Lightroom, adjust the sky bracket ready for exposure blending with the focus stacked foreground image</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Export to Photoshop</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bring the focus stacked forground image and the sky image together into a two layer document</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Align the images if required</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Adjust the exposure of the two images if required, ie so they will blend together well</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Place a simple gradient mask on one of the images and increase the feathering of the mask to achieve a perfect blend. That is, there is no need to play around with luminosity masks etc</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Flattern and clean up the image as required, eg cloning etc</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Return to Lightroom and finish off the image as required, eg toning, dodging and burning</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Process with Topaz Photo AI (or another such app or in Lightroom) to ensure noise and sharpness is covered, once again, if required</span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">The resultant focus and exposure blended image, with a little bit of toning, looks like this. In this case I did all the focus stacking and exposure blending in Photoshop. Note the image is far from complete ;-)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXCOrzdZ-nA4u5_82WQPaWSBY1EJHvo9UvSg_XpCbOjFI_mHasTKWjvK1zoncOSmcwyBQEhXAHx4rxPWnVNsQK5pqG2ksp2HBLT7_o0lr0hB1QhcRA2R1jHJy1NAxhlxCwlLoKmOvZXX5GTN2tqU1Dk_xw27pVBUhPuyw0M3lFb1q-a3N3fKzhGZqww/s5413/IMG_5712-Edit-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3656" data-original-width="5413" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXCOrzdZ-nA4u5_82WQPaWSBY1EJHvo9UvSg_XpCbOjFI_mHasTKWjvK1zoncOSmcwyBQEhXAHx4rxPWnVNsQK5pqG2ksp2HBLT7_o0lr0hB1QhcRA2R1jHJy1NAxhlxCwlLoKmOvZXX5GTN2tqU1Dk_xw27pVBUhPuyw0M3lFb1q-a3N3fKzhGZqww/s320/IMG_5712-Edit-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Hopefully this post, together with the previous posts, has convinced the reader that capturing and processing deep focus and high dynamic range scenes is easy: at least with a wide angle lens.</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-17653059813543745162023-01-15T04:13:00.022-08:002023-06-11T22:09:34.264-07:00Rules of Thumb and capture Workflow for Wide Angle Landscape Photography<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In previous posts I've discussed various models and rules of thumb </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">for wide angle landscape photography. In this post I'll layout the workflow I personally use.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">First, let's remind ourselves of a few rules of thumb that cover both focusing and exposure:</span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">The hyperfocal distance,(H) in meters, may be approximated by dividing the lens focal length (in mm) by 10. This assumes the aperture (N) is set to f/10 and you are content that the circle of confusion (C) is the focal length taken as microns. To find the hyperfocal at another N or C simply use the following expression to adjust the F/10 value:</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv7Ogniw3YxZ4PHjk57s82Z3zwyQ6hw9AQa1AkzR6ZqZ2TtAMVh4I4q8U-krxUZJ8eqfLuXJ_5qIgUdwvyKbVykZDppcqNDZQs7V9ESya4ydQygUufQs1JtKh7Ex9dthUoCAjzQubgMNONgCrC5fNLUTJnQQhu26j_Pn4hG1c5fUEyyUJFA-CRgjWLBQ/s306/Screenshot%202023-01-15%20112901.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="115" data-original-width="306" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv7Ogniw3YxZ4PHjk57s82Z3zwyQ6hw9AQa1AkzR6ZqZ2TtAMVh4I4q8U-krxUZJ8eqfLuXJ_5qIgUdwvyKbVykZDppcqNDZQs7V9ESya4ydQygUufQs1JtKh7Ex9dthUoCAjzQubgMNONgCrC5fNLUTJnQQhu26j_Pn4hG1c5fUEyyUJFA-CRgjWLBQ/w129-h48/Screenshot%202023-01-15%20112901.jpg" width="129" /></a></div></span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">If the lens throw between the nearest point of focus (x), as measured from the front principal, and infinity is T, then this should be divided by H/(2x) to derive the number of focus brackets;</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">A reasonable estimate for the position of the front prinicpal of a wide angle lens, eg when doing landscape photography, is to assume it is at the non-parallax point of the lens, ie the entrance pupil, which may be esimated in the field in realtime, if not known in advance.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">For high dynamic range scenes, ie where you are not confident you can capture both the sky's highlights and the foreground's shadow details in a single exposure, set an ETTR exposure for the sky and adjust the exposure for the foreground by +4Ev, ie four stops. Together with noise reduction software, such as Topaz PhotoAI, a +4Ev approach will cover most/all situations. This allows us to take a fixed exposure when focus bracketing for the foreground, and an ETTR exposure for the sky, ie at infinity.</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">All the above rules of thumb are designed to be 'calculable' in your head. The accuracy of the rules are appropiate for wide angle lens use, but not macro lens use. For example, by assuming the front principlal is located at the entrance pupil, the most we will be out is F*(1-1/p), where p is the pupil magnification, which for most wide angle lenses, ie retro focus lenses, will be greater than unity. Thus, even if p is high, the most we will be out will always be less than the focal length of the length.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">As for a capture workflow here is the one I follow:</span></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">After visualising and composing the scene, I assess the dynamic range of the scene and decide if I can 'get away' with a single exposure capture throughout, or if I need to adopt a +4Ev approach, ie ETTR for the sky and adjust the exposure for the land by up to 4Ev. If the DR is greater that 4Ev, then consider two exposures for the sky, at the ETTR and one between the ETTR value and the exposure value for the land;<br /></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Estimate the hyperfocal and if the nearest object of interest (x) is closer (to the entrance pupil) than half of this, then prepare to take some focus brackets. If not then focus slightly beyond the hyperfocal by, say, at least 2*H and take a single focus capture (with or without an ETTR as required);</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">If the number of focus brackets, using H/(2x), is less than say, 5, divide the lens throw (T) by that number and take the indicated focus brackets; for example in the case of H/(2x) being 4, at the quarter throw points, ie at the nearest focus point and at 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of the throw and, finally, at infinity - giving 5 focus brackets in total;</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">If the estimated number of focus brackets are more than 4, then assess if it’s still ok to just take 4 focus brackets. For example, if the C is, say, 12, ie I’m using a 12mm lens, then I can afford to double the bracketing C to 24 microns, assuming a full frame camera, thus, in this case, I can still divide the throw by 4, even if H/(2x) is up to 8. But note that the acceptable value for C will depend on the size and how you display your image, eg social media vs a print in a competition;</span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Capture the focus brackets at the exposure for the ground and, when at infinity, adjust the exposure for the sky and take the sky capture(s).</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div>Although the above may appear complicated, I can assure you it is not and, after practicing, you will soon feel at ease with the workflow.</div><div><br /></div><div>I’ll discuss post processing in a future post. </div></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As usual I welcome any comments on this post or any of my posts. </span></span><br /></div>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1619208595110189725.post-50573345073184842632023-01-06T06:56:00.019-08:002023-01-15T00:10:42.379-08:00A Rule of Thumb approach for perfect landscape focus bracketing with any (WA) lens/camera combination<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">Those that read my blog know I
love 'playing around' with focus stuff. I'm always looking for hacks to help
me, pragmatically, use all my gear: both AF and manual lenses.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">In the last few posts I've
shown how we can use a split, thin lens model, together with an estimate of the
position of the front principal, to create any required depth of field scale.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">In this post I will show how we
can focus bracket by exploiting the lens itself. So, there is no more need to
follow incorrect, urban myths, eg focus a third into the scene.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">First, let’s remind ourselves
of the Rule of Ten, that gives us an estimate of the position of the hyperfocal
from the front principal.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">The hyperfocal RoT says that at
f/10 and at a circle of confusion of f, as microns, the hyperfocal distance, in
meters, is simply the focal length of the lens divided by 10. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">As an example, a lens with a
focal length of 16mm, set to f/10, will have a hyperfocal at 16/10 = 1.6m, using a CoC of 16
microns.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">The hyperfocal RoT is therefore
ideal for wide angle lenses, ie where the focal length is less than the largest acceptable CoC in
microns; however, it is simple to use any lens length or CoC by adopting the following
form of the RoT, where the terms in the square brackets are optional:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">H = (F/10)[*(10/N)*(F/C)]</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">As an example, take a 50mm lens
at N=10. Without adjusting things, the H would be 5m, but at a CoC of 50
microns! To adjust to a more sensible CoC, say, 25 microns, all we need to do
is adjust the base H by (F/C), ie 50/25 = 2. Thus, the hyperfocal, at 25
microns, is 10m.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">Once we have an approximation for the hyperfocal, we can now make use of hyperfocal bracketing:</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizwKSPhsf29RKVncYdLWL2l06FtaohZ6ZaAEy6_LtVqB8uLMgl7AhA6Tpu4ny5GS_xrSh72CJotxUwQe3fIa4MXdC7wGUj_ifeXZbLF78DI8oIx1mWoChE8T6Ef77SRNfSPbt5sVvN6cFUiiJBFij_PqIeHy5i4SkVQ3hlxRH4ngpkYQFiJHh-A754nA/s1459/HB.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1459" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizwKSPhsf29RKVncYdLWL2l06FtaohZ6ZaAEy6_LtVqB8uLMgl7AhA6Tpu4ny5GS_xrSh72CJotxUwQe3fIa4MXdC7wGUj_ifeXZbLF78DI8oIx1mWoChE8T6Ef77SRNfSPbt5sVvN6cFUiiJBFij_PqIeHy5i4SkVQ3hlxRH4ngpkYQFiJHh-A754nA/s320/HB.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">From the above we can see an estimate of the number of brackets from the current focus (x, as measured from the front
principal) to H/2 is simply H/(2*x): which we should round up.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">For example, if we have a 16mm
lens set at f/10, the RoT hyperfocal is 1.6m at a CoC of 16 microns.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">If we now have a near point of
focus at, say, 200mm from the front principal, we can estimate the number of focus brackets from x to H/2
as 1.6/(2*0.2) = 4. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">From this all we need to do is
to exploit the lens helicoid to give us our perfect focus bracketing. That is, divide
the lens throw, ie rotation angle, between the near point of focus and infinity
by 4; rather than guess where to focus.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">Thus we end up with 5 focus brackets: four covering from the minimum point of focus to the H/2 point of focus, with a far depth of field at H; and one at infinity, ie with a near depth of field at H. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">In lens rotation space things look like
this, where we see the two end focus points, ie at the near point of focus and infinity; and the three other points of focus, positioned at the quarter throw locations:</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGr1b_bYcHmuBfT4Xvv8Xho9zgyIR-VVdoa-wfxDurQ5ceoNeacePmP4QGiaRmjLSD3vX_jtswk7dZe0TNRJ1OBQAdU5cxTUkQJaRbTTlrkJOMvRFmwYDp1QSXoqsUzcYcgjznE2qMOVP79q-EiFxNjdZGR2a8VuIdRS0FBkgM7ia2Q3C_s2o1KKlG1A/s2301/Picture13.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="2301" height="81" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGr1b_bYcHmuBfT4Xvv8Xho9zgyIR-VVdoa-wfxDurQ5ceoNeacePmP4QGiaRmjLSD3vX_jtswk7dZe0TNRJ1OBQAdU5cxTUkQJaRbTTlrkJOMvRFmwYDp1QSXoqsUzcYcgjznE2qMOVP79q-EiFxNjdZGR2a8VuIdRS0FBkgM7ia2Q3C_s2o1KKlG1A/s320/Picture13.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">Clearly, once the number of
brackets starts going beyond, say, 4 or 5, things get a little out of hand.
However, the above hack, exploiting the lens throw/helicoid, is obviously better than guessing where to focus; and, on a wide angle lens, you will nearly always only need a few focus brackets to ensure deep focus capture.<br /></span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">As usual I welcome any comments
on this post or any of my posts. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--></span></span>Grayheronhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00652788305539442546noreply@blogger.com0